Rehabilitación Cardíaca

13.  

13.1. Monitoreo electrocardiográfico durante el ejercicio

¿En pacientes mayores de 18 años con antecedente de SCA, que realizan un programa dirigido de rehabilitación cardíaca, realizar monitoreo electrocardiográfico durante el ejercicio comparado con no hacerlo, mejora la seguridad del paciente durante la intervención evitando reinfarto, tasa de re-hospitalización, y/o muerte?

Recomendación

Se sugiere utilizar monitoreo electrocardiográfico durante el ejercicio en pacientes con antecedente de SCA de riesgo moderado y alto.
Recomendación débil a favor, calidad de la evidencia baja.

Descripción de la evidencia

En los programas de rehabilitación cardíaca, existen varias posibilidades de seguimiento durante las sesiones de ejercicio: el seguimiento basado en la percepción de fatiga (escala de Borg), el monitoreo de la frecuencia cardíaca, el seguimiento electrocardiográfico en tiempo real que puede ser continuo o intermitente.

Al evaluar la evidencia disponible no existen estudios con diseño adecuado que evalúen la seguridad de cada una de las opciones, sólo se cuenta con la información acerca de las tasas de complicaciones fatales y no fatales provocadas durante las sesiones de ejercicio.

Dos estudios (461-462), describen tasas de complicaciones durante el ejercicio muy bajas; en el primer caso en el estudio de Haskell encontraron una tasa de un evento por cada 34.673 horas sin monitoreo y de un evento por cada 116.402 horas/paciente con monitoreo constante, sin duda es mucho más seguro en el segundo caso, sin embargo se debe tener que para la época del estudio sólo contaban con tres centros en donde se hacia este seguimiento.

El segundo estudio realizado por Van Camp encontró que se presentó un evento adverso por cada 783.792 horas/paciente, sin diferencias entre realizar o no monitoreo electrocardiográfico, la bibliografía más reciente, hace referencia a los programas de rehabilitación cardíaca en Francia (25.420 pacientes en un año de seguimiento), con resultados claros en cuanto a las tasas de complicaciones así: 1 por cada 8.484 pruebas de ejercicio y 1 por cada 49.565 horas/paciente de rehabilitación cardíaca; 1,3 paros cardiacos por cada millón de horas/ paciente de ejercicio; sin complicaciones fatales y ni uso del desfibrilador (463).

Se encontraron tres artículos publicados de cohortes retrospectivas (461-463), donde se evaluaron las tasas de complicaciones fatales y no fatales, sin demostrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes programas de monitoreo (continuo, intermitente o sin monitoreo electrocardiográfico), independiente de las estratificación del riesgo para hacer ejercicio.

Sin embargo las guías de rehabilitación cardíaca de la AHA recomiendan que el seguimiento de los pacientes que asisten a un programa de rehabilitación, deben contar con un monitoreo continuo en el tiempo, para evaluar cambios electrocardiográficos en el segmento ST.

13.2 Programa de rehabilitación cardíaca 

¿En pacientes mayores de 18 años con un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca integral, dirigido y presencial (ejercicio terapéutico, indicaciones ergonómicas y soporte psicológico) comparado con un programa en casa o con no realizar ejercicio, es más efectivo para mejorar el nivel de entrenamiento físico, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la adherencia al ejercicio, la disminución de la tasa de re- hospitalización y la muerte en el primer año post-evento?

Recomendación

Se recomienda realizar un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca integral y dirigido en los pacientes con SCA.
Recomendación fuerte a favor, calidad de evidencia moderada.

Introducción

Los programas rehabilitación cardíaca son parte integral de la atención de los pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares (464-465); la Asociación Americana del Corazón (AHA) y el Colegio Americano de Cardiología recomiendan estos programas como Clase I en el tratamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria (466-468) y falla cardíaca crónica (469).

Se debe tener en cuenta, que este mismo consenso propone que los programas integrales deben ofrecer un enfoque multifacético y multidisciplinario para la reducción global del riesgo cardiovascular y además aclara que los programas basados en ejercicio por sí solo no se deben considerar como rehabilitación cardíaca.

La AHA propone que todos los programas de rehabilitación cardíaca deben contener los componentes específicos de base que tienen como fin optimizar reducción del riesgo cardiovascular, promover comportamientos de vida saludables; de tal manera que el cumplimiento de estas conductas, pueda reducir la discapacidad, y promover un cambio de estilo de vida para los pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares (469).

Descripción de la evidencia

Una revisión sistemática del año 2004 (470) que involucró 48 ensayos clínicos con asignación al azar (ECA), 8.940 personas con cardiopatía coronaria, en un programa rehabilitación cardíaca en comparación con la atención habitual; encontraron que la rehabilitación cardíaca reduce significativamente todas las causas de mortalidad (muerte OR=0.80, IC 95%: 0,68 a 0,93); mortalidad cardíaca: OR=0.74, IC 95%: 0,61 a 0,96).

El seguimiento de los estudios incluidos varió desde 6 hasta 72 meses. El efecto de la rehabilitación cardíaca en la mortalidad por cualquier causa fue independiente del diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria, el tipo de rehabilitación cardíaca, la dosis de ejercicio, la intervención, la duración del seguimiento, la calidad de los ensayos.

La misma revisión no encontró evidencia de que la rehabilitación cardíaca mejorara la calidad de la vida relacionada con la salud, ni la proporción de personas que regresan a trabajar después del infarto agudo de miocardio.

En otra revisión sistemática del año 2005 (471), donde analizaron 63 ECC, de los cuales 18 se incluyeron en la revisión ya citada, con 21.295 personas con enfermedad coronaria, y en la que se evaluó la rehabilitación cardíaca comparando un programa con control de factores de riesgo y consejería más ejercicio con uno solo con ejercicio.

Se encontró hubo una reducción en la mortalidad general a favor del primer programa con un (RR=0.85 IC del 95% 0.77 a 0.94), a los doce meses no hubo diferencia entre los programas y a los 24 meses hubo una diferencia de (RR=0,53, IC 95% 0,35 a 0,81)(471). 

La revisión encontró que la rehabilitación cardíaca, con o sin programa de ejercicios y el programa de ejercicio por sí solo redujo de manera significativa el riesgo de infarto de miocardio en comparación con la atención habitual a los 12 meses de seguimiento (28 ECA de rehabilitación con o sin ejercicio, (RR=0.83 IC 95%: 0.74-0.94).

En 12 ECA en los que se comparó un programa de educación y consejería con uno que incluia un programa de ejercicio estructurado encontró una reducción en la mortalidad de RR=0.88 IC 95% 0.74 -1.04, y para IM de RR=0.62 IC 95% 0,44-0,87; 10 ECA de rehabilitación con ejercicio sólo mostraron un RR=0.72 IC 95% 0.54-0.95 para la mortalidad y un RR= 0.76 IC 95% 0.57-1.01 para IM. La mayoría de los programas mostraron mejorar la calidad de vida y el estado funcional pero con un tamaño del efecto pequeño.

Un ensayo clínico (472) posterior que involucró 104 hombres después de CABG o ICP compararon dos tipos de programas de RC: un programa basado en ejrcicio físico comparado con uno con ejercicio físico mas sesiones sicoeducativas para el control de los fatores de riesgo y terapia de relajación . Se evaluó la calidad de vida con el cuestionario RAND-36 , la capacidad física y el consumo de calorías, grasa e ingesta calórica. No hubo diderencias significativas entre los grupos aun cuando en ambos grupos hubo mejoría en todos los desenlaces comparados a los 3 y 9 meses (472).

Un segundo ensayo clínico (473) que comparó un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca con intervención intensiva de cambios en el estilo de vida 4 veces por semana que incluyó el manejo del estrés, la dieta, ejercicios estructurados, y el control del riesgo de fumar) en 46 pacientes versus la atención habitual en 42 pacientes a los pacientes de ambos grupos se les había hecho una PCI y se siguieron por 12 meses; Se encontró en el grupo de intervención disminución estadísticamente significativa de IM, Cirugia de Bypass, PCI, Muerte cardiovascular p <0,03) (473).

El estudio GOSPEL (474) encontró que la intervención con rehabilitación cardíaca no reduce significativamente el desenlace primario de tener un eventos cardíaco mayor (mortalidad cardiovascular, reinfarto no fatal, enfermedad cerebro vascular no fatal, hospitalización por angina de pecho, o el ingreso hospitalario por insuficiencia cardíaca) en comparación con la atención habitual a los 3 años (HR=0,88, IC 95% 0,74 a 1,04, p=0,12).

Se encontró que el único evento cardíaco que se reduce significativamente con la rehabilitación cardíaca en comparación con la atención habitual fue el reinfarto no fatal (HR=0,52, IC 95% 0,43 a 0,94; P=0,02). Este mismo estudio encontró que la rehabilitación cardíaca reduce significativamente los desenlaces combinados de la mortalidad cardiovascular, IAM no fatal y accidente cerebrovascular en comparación con la atención habitual (HR=0,64, IC 95% 0,47 a 0,95, p=0,02).

Bibliografía

TERAPIA FARMACOLÓGICA

• 1. O’Connor RE, Bossaert L, Arntz H-R, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Feitosa-Filho G, et al. Part 9: Acute coronary syndromes: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2010 Oct 19;122(16 Suppl 2):S422–65.

• 2. Elwood PC, Sweetnam PM. Aspirin and secondary mortality after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1979 Dic 22;2(8156- 8157):1313–5.

• 3. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1988 Ago 13;2(8607):349–60.

• 4. Verheugt FW, van der Laarse A, Funke-Küpper AJ, Sterkman LG, Galema TW, Roos JP. Effects of early intervention with low-dose aspirin (100 mg) on infarct size, reinfarction and mortality in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 1990 Ago 1;66(3):267–70.

• 5. Freimark D, Matetzky S, Leor J, Boyko V, Barbash IM, Behar S, et al. Timing of aspirin administration as a determinant of survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2002 Feb 15;89(4):381–5.

• 6. Barbash IM, Freimark D, Gottlieb S, Hod H, Hasin Y, Battler A, et al. Outcome of myocardial infarction in patients treated with aspirin is enhanced by pre-hospital administration. Cardiology. 2002;98(3):141–7.

• 7. O’Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, et al. Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010 Nov 2;122(18 Suppl 3):S787–817.

• 8. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-STElevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011 May 10;123(18):e426–579.

• 9. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001 Ago 18;358(9281):527–33.

• 10. Budaj A, Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Fox KAA, Tognoni G, Zhao F, et al. Benefit of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation in various risk groups. Circulation. 2002 Sep 24;106(13):1622–6.

• 11. Alexander D, Ou F-S, Roe MT, Pollack CV Jr, Ohman EM, Cannon CP, et al. Use of and inhospital outcomes after early clopidogrel therapy in patients not undergoing an early invasive strategy for treatment of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results from Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines (CRUSADE). Am. Heart J. 2008 Sep;156(3):606– 12.

• 12. Charvat J, Kuruvilla T, al Amad H. Beneficial effect of intravenous nitroglycerin in patients with non-Q myocardial infarction. Cardiologia. 1990 Ene;35(1):49–54.

• 13. Bussmann WD, Passek D, Seidel W, Kaltenbach M. Reduction of CK and CK-MB indexes of infarct size by intravenous nitroglycerin. Circulation. 1981 Mar;63(3):615– 22.

• 14. Jugdutt BI, Warnica JW. Intravenous nitroglycerin therapy to limit myocardial infarct size, expansion, and complications.Effect of timing, dosage, and infarct location. Circulation. 1988 Oct;78(4):906–19.

• 15. Silfvast T, Saarnivaara L. Comparison of alfentanil and morphine in the prehospital treatment of patients with acute ischaemic-type chest pain. Eur J Emerg Med. 2001 Dic;8(4):275–8.

• 16. Meine TJ, Roe MT, Chen AY, Patel MR, Washam JB, Ohman EM, et al. Association of intravenous morphine use and outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. Am. Heart J. 2005 Jun;149(6):1043–9.

• 17. De Luca G, Navarese EP, Cassetti E, Verdoia M, Suryapranata H. Meta-analysis of randomized trials of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in high-risk acute coronary syndromes patients undergoing invasive strategy. Am. J. Cardiol. 2011 Ene 15;107(2):198–203.

• 18. Hanefeld C, Sirtl C, Spiecker M, Bojara W, Grewe PH, Lawo T, et al. Prehospital therapy with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes: theBochum feasibility study. Chest. 2004 sep;126(3):935–41.

FIBRINOLISIS PRE-HOSPITALARAIA

• 19. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1994 Feb 5;343(8893):311-22.

• 20. Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald AC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ. Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2686-92.

• 21. Castaigne AD, Herve C, Duval-Moulin AM, Gaillard M, Dubois-Rande JL, Boesch C, et al. Prehospital use of APSAC: results of a placebo-controlled study. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Jul 5;64(2):30A-3A; discussion 41A-2A.

• 22. Prehospital thrombolytic therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. The European Myocardial Infarction Project Group. N Engl J Med. 1993 Aug 5;329(6):383-9.

• 23. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of domiciliary thrombolysis by general practitioners: Grampian region early anistreplase trial. GREAT Group. BMJ. 1992 Sep 5;305(6853):548-53.

• 24. Weaver WD, Cerqueira M, Hallstrom AP, Litwin PE, Martin JS, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Prehospital-initiated vs hospitalinitiated thrombolytic therapy. The Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1993 Sep 8;270(10):1211- 6.

• 25. Roth A, Barbash GI, Hod H, Miller HI, Rath S, Modan M, et al. Should thrombolytic therapy be administered in the mobile intensive care unit in patients with evolving myocardial infarction? A pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Apr;15(5):932-6.

• 26. Schofer J, Buttner J, Geng G, Gutschmidt K, Herden HN, Mathey DG, et al. Prehospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Dec 15;66(20):1429-33.

CLASIFICACIÓN DEL RIESGO

• 27. Van Domburg RT, van Miltenburg-van Zijl AJ, Veerhoek RJ, Simoons ML. Unstable angina: good long-term outcome after a complicated early course. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1998 jun;31(7):1534–9.

• 28. Cohen M, Antman EM, Murphy SA, Radley D. Mode and timing of treatment failure (recurrent ischemic events) after hospital admission for non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am. Heart J. 2002 ene;143(1):63–9.

• 29. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001 jun 21;344(25):1879–87.

• 30. Antman EM, Cohen M, McCabe C, Goodman SG, Murphy SA, Braunwald E, et al. Enoxaparin is superior to unfractionated heparin for preventing clinical events at 1-year follow-up of TIMI 11B and ESSENCE. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(4):308-14.

• 31. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Snapinn SM, McCabe CH, Theroux P, Braunwald E. An integrated clinical approach to predicting the benefit of tirofiban in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Application of the TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI in PRISM-PLUS. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(3):223-9.

• 32. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, McCabe CH, Horacek T, Papuchis G, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/ non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000 ago 16;284(7):835–42.

• 33. Boersma E, Pieper KS, Steyerberg EW, Wilcox RG, Chang WC, Lee KL, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation. Results from an international trial of 9461 patients. The PURSUIT Investigators. Circulation. 2000 jun 6;101(22):2557–67.

• 34. Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003 oct 27;163(19):2345–53.

• 35. Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH, Pieper KS, Goldberg RJ, Van de Werf F, et al. A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA. 2004 jun 9;291(22):2727–33.

• 36. de Araújo Gonçalves P, Ferreira J, Aguiar C, Seabra-Gomes R. TIMI, PURSUIT, and GRACE risk scores: sustained prognostic value and interaction with revascularization in NSTE-ACS. Eur. Heart J. 2005 may;26(9):865–72.

• 37. Kozieradzka A, Kamiński KA, Maciorkowska D, Olszewska M, Dobrzycki S, Nowak K, et al. GRACE, TIMI, Zwolle and CADILLAC risk scores — Do they predict 5-year outcomes after ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated invasively? International Journal of Cardiology. 2011 abr;148:70–5.

• 38. Amador P, Santos JF, Gonçalves S, Seixo F, Soares L. Comparison of ischemic and bleeding risk scores in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Acute Card Care. 2011 jun;13(2):68–75.

• 39. Aragam KG, Tamhane UU, Kline-Rogers E, Li J, Fox KAA, Goodman SG, et al. Does simplicity compromise accuracy in ACS risk prediction? A retrospective analysis of the TIMI and GRACE risk scores. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(11):e7947.

• 40. Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, Casanova A, Labinaz M, Sridhar K, et al. Risk scores for risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes: useful but simpler is not necessarily better. Eur. Heart J. 2007 may;28(9):1072–8.

• 41. Correia LCL, Freitas R, Bittencourt AP, Souza AC, Almeida MC, Leal J, et al. [Prognostic value of GRACE scores versus TIMI score in acute coronary syndromes]. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2010 may;94(5):613–9.

ECOCARDIOGRAFIA BASAL VS ANGIOGRAFIA CORONARIA

• 42. Feigenbaum H. Feigenbaum’s echocardiography. 7o ed. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2010.

• 43. Braunwald E. Braunwald’s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9o ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2012.

• 44. Ioannidis JP, Salem D, Chew PW, Lau J. Accuracy of imaging technologies in the diagnosis of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 May;37(5):471–7.

• 45. Peels CH, Visser CA, Kupper AJ, Visser FC, Roos JP. Usefulness of two-dimensional echocardiography for immediate detection of myocardial ischemia in the emergency room. Am. J. Cardiol. 1990 Mar 15;65(11):687– 91.

• 46. Sabia P, Afrookteh A, Touchstone DA, Keller MW, Esquivel L, Kaul S. Value of regional wall motion abnormality in the emergency room diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. A prospective study using two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation. 1991 Sep;84(3 Suppl):I85–92.

• 47. Kontos MC, Arrowood JA, Jesse RL, Ornato JP, Paulsen WH, Tatum JL, et al. Comparison between 2-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging in the emergency department in patients with possible myocardial ischemia. Am. Heart J. 1998 Oct;136(4 Pt 1):724– 33.

• 48. Kontos MC, Kurdziel K, McQueen R, Arrowood JA, Jesse RL, Ornato JP, et al. Comparison of 2-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging for diagnosing myocardial infarction in emergency department patients. Am. Heart J. 2002 Abr;143(4):659–67.

• 49. Korosoglou G, Labadze N, Hansen A, Selter C, Giannitsis E, Katus H, et al. Usefulness of real-time myocardial perfusion imaging in the evaluation of patients with first time chest pain. Am. J. Cardiol. 2004 Nov 15;94(10):1225–31.

• 50. Sasaki H, Charuzi Y, Beeder C, Sugiki Y, Lew AS. Utility of echocardiography for the early assessment of patients with nondiagnostic chest pain. Am. Heart J. 1986 Sep;112(3):494– 7.

SPECT VS ANGIOGRAFIA CORONARIA

• 51. Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, Woolard RH, Feldman JA, Beshansky JR, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000 abr 20;342(16):1163–70.

• 52. Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MGM. Stress echocardiography, stress single-photon-emission computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. Am. Heart J. 2007 sep;154(3):415–23.

• 53. Kim C, Kwok YS, Heagerty P, Redberg R. Pharmacologic stress testing for coronary disease diagnosis: A metaanalysis. Am. Heart J. 2001 dic;142(6):934–44.

• 54. Candell-Riera J, Oller-Martínez G, Pereztol-Valdés O, Castell-Conesa J, Aguadé-Bruix S, García-Alonso C, et al. [Early myocardial perfusion gated-SPECT in patients with chest pain and non-diagnostic ECG in the emergency department]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2004 mar;57(3):225–33.

• 55. Conti A, Sammicheli L, Gallini C, Costanzo EN, Antoniucci D, Barletta G. Assessment of patients with low-risk chest pain in the emergency department: Head-to-head comparison of exercise stress echocardiography and exercise myocardial SPECT. Am. Heart J. 2005 may;149(5):894–901.

• 56. Kawai Y, Morita K, Nozaki Y, Ohkusa T, Sakurai M, Tamaki N. Diagnostic value of 123I-betamethyl-p-iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with chest pain. Comparison with rest-stress 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT and coronary angiography. Circ. J. 2004 jun;68(6):547–52.

• 57. Nabi F, Chang SM, Xu J, Gigliotti E, Mahmarian JJ. Assessing risk in acute chest pain: The value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients admitted through the emergency department. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012 abr;19(2):233– 43.

• 58. Wong RC, Sinha AK, Mahadevan M, Yeo TC. Diagnostic utility, safety, and cost-effectiveness of emergency departmentinitiated early scheduled technetium-99m single photon emission computed tomography imaging followed by expedited outpatient cardiac clinic visits in acute chest pain syndromes. Emerg Radiol. 2010 sep;17(5):375–80.

ASPIRINA

• 59. Berger JS, Stebbins A, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, et al. Initial aspirin dose and outcome among ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy. Circulation. 2008;117(2):192-9.

• 60. Tickoo S, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Milford-Beland S, Ohman EM, Gibler WB, et al. Patterns of aspirin dosing in non-STelevation acute coronary syndromes in the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(11):1496-9.

• 61. O’Connor CM, Meese RB, McNulty S, Lucas KD, Carney RJ, LeBoeuf RM, et al. A randomized factorial trial of reperfusion strategies and aspirin dosing in acute myocardial infarction. The DUCCS-II Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(10):791-7.

• 62. Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB, et al. Double-dose versus standarddose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENTOASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2010 Oct 9;376(9748):1233-43.

• 63. Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, et al. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003;108(14):1682-7. +

DÓSIS DE CARGA DE CLOPIDOGREL

• 64. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL, O’Connor CM. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2003;107(23):2908-13.

• 65. Bauer T, Bouman HJ, van Werkum JW, Ford NF, ten Berg JM, Taubert D. Impact of CYP2C19 variant genotypes on clinical efficacy of antiplatelet treatment with clopidogrel: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;343:d4588.

• 66. Jung JH, Min PK, Lee SH, Sung CW, Choi S, Cho JR, et al. Clopidogrel pretreatment before primary percutaneous coronary stenting in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: comparison of high loading dose (600 mg) versus low loading dose (300 mg). Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20(2):150-4.

• 67. Mangiacapra F, Muller O, Ntalianis A, Trana C, Heyndrickx GR, Bartunek J, et al. Comparison of 600 versus 300-mg Clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(9):1208-11.

• 68. Dangas G, Mehran R, Guagliumi G, Caixeta A, Witzenbichler B, Aoki J, et al. Role of clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(15):1438-46.

• 69. Choi CU, Rha SW, Oh DJ, Poddar KL, Na JO, Kim JW, et al. Standard versus high loading doses of clopidogrel in Asian ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2):373-82 e1-3.

• 70. Montalescot G, Sideris G, Meuleman C, Bal-dit-Sollier C, Lellouche N, Steg PG, et al. A randomized comparison of high clopidogrel loading doses in patients with non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the ALBION (Assessment of the Best Loading Dose of Clopidogrel to Blunt Platelet Activation, Inflammation and Ongoing Necrosis) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(5):931-8.

• 71. Abuzahra M, Pillai M, Caldera A, Hartley WB, Gonzalez R, Bobek J, et al. Comparison of higher clopidogrel loading and maintenance dose to standard dose on platelet function and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(4):401-3.

• 72. Bonello L, Lemesle G, De Labriolle A, Roy P, Steinberg DH, Pinto Slottow TL, et al. Impact of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on 30-day outcome in unselected patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(10):1318-22.

• 73. Patti G, Barczi G, Orlic D, Mangiacapra F, Colonna G, Pasceri V, et al. Outcome comparison of 600- and 300-mg loading doses of clopidogrel in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results from the ARMYDA-6 MI (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty-Myocardial Infarction) randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(15):1592-9.

• 74. Wiviott SD, Trenk D, Frelinger AL, O’Donoghue M, Neumann FJ, Michelson AD, et al. Prasugrel compared with high loading- and maintenance-dose clopidogrel in patients with planned percutaneous coronary intervention: the Prasugrel in Comparison to Clopidogrel for Inhibition of Platelet Activation and Aggregation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 44 trial. Circulation. 2007;116(25):2923-32.

• 75. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(11):1045- 57.

• 76. Investigators C-O, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, et al. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(10):930-42.

• 77. Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB, et al. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9748):1233-43.

• 78. Navarese EP, Verdoia M, Schaffer A, Suriano P, Kozinski M, Castriota F, et al. Ischaemic and bleeding complications with new, compared to standard, ADP-antagonist regimens in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. QJM. 2011;104(7):561-9.

DOSIS DE MANTENIMIENTO DE CLOPIDOGREL

• 79. Investigators C-O, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, et al. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(10):930-42.

• 80. Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB, et al. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9748):1233-43.

• 81. Abuzahra M, Pillai M, Caldera A, Hartley WB, Gonzalez R, Bobek J, et al. Comparison of higher clopidogrel loading and maintenance dose to standard dose on platelet function and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(4):401-3.

ASA+CLOPIDOGREL VS ASA

• 82. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without STsegment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(7):494-502.

• 83. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001;358(9281):527-33.

• 84. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1988;2(8607):349-60.

• 85. Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(12):1179- 89.

• 86. Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytics: the PCI-CLARITY study. JAMA. 2005;294(10):1224-32.

• 87. Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, Xie JX, Pan HC, Peto R, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1607-21.

• 88. Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, Damman K, de Smet BJ, Tijssen JG, Hillege HL, et al. Impact of pretreatment with clopidogrel on initial patency and outcome in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STsegment elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Circulation. 2008;118(18):1828-36.

TERAPIA ANTIAGREGANTE DUAL EN URGENCIAS

• 89. Hall HM, Banerjee S, McGuire DK. Variability of clopidogrel response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2011; 8: 245-253

• 90. Sangkuhla K, Kleina TE,Altmana RB. Clopidogrel pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 20: 463–465.

• 91. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, Shen L, Hockett RD, Brandt JT, et al. Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(4):354-62.

• 92. Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytics: the PCI-CLARITY study. JAMA. 2005;294(10):1224-32.

• 93. Verheugt FW, Montalescot G, Sabatine MS, Soulat L, Lambert Y, Lapostolle F, et al. Prehospital fibrinolysis with dual antiplatelet therapy in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a substudy of the randomized double blind CLARITY-TIMI 28 trial. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007;23(3):173-9.

• 94. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, 3rd, Fry ET, DeLago A, Wilmer C, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2411-20.

• 95. Wiviott SD, Trenk D, Frelinger AL, O’Donoghue M, Neumann FJ, Michelson AD, et al. Prasugrel compared with high loading- and maintenance-dose clopidogrel in patients with planned percutaneous coronary intervention: the Prasugrel in Comparison to Clopidogrel for Inhibition of Platelet Activation and Aggregation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 44 trial. Circulation. 2007;116(25):2923-32.

• 96. Hulot JS, Collet JP, Cayla G, Silvain J, Allanic F, Bellemain- Appaix A, et al. CYP2C19 but not PON1 genetic variants influence clopidogrel pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical efficacy in post-myocardial infarction patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4(5):422-8.

ASA+CLOPIDOGREL VS ASA+TICAGRELOR

• 97. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, Tantry US, Gesheff T, Wei C, et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation. 2009;120(25):2577- 85.

• 98. Storey RF, Husted S, Harrington RA, Heptinstall S, Wilcox RG, Peters G, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by AZD6140, a reversible oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(19):1852-6.

• 99. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(11):1045- 57.

• 100. Mahaffey KW, Wojdyla DM, Carroll K, Becker RC, Storey RF, Angiolillo DJ, et al. Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel by geographic region in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation. 2011;124(5):544-54.

• 101. FDA US Food and Drug Administration. FDA NEWS RELEASE. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm263964.htm. Julio 20, 2011. Revisada Agosto 2012.

• 102. Held C, Asenblad N, Bassand JP, Becker RC, Cannon CP, Claeys MJ, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: results from the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(6):672-84.

• 103. Cannon CP, Harrington RA, James S, Ardissino D, Becker RC, Emanuelsson H, et al. Comparison of ticagrelor with clopidogrel in patients with a planned invasive strategy for acute coronary syndromes (PLATO): a randomised doubleblind study. Lancet. 2010;375(9711):283-93.

• 104. James S, Angiolillo DJ, Cornel JH, Erlinge D, Husted S, Kontny F, et al. Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes and diabetes: a substudy from the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(24):3006-16.

• 105. James S, Budaj A, Aylward P, Buck KK, Cannon CP, Cornel JH, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes in relation to renal function: results from the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation. 2010;122(11):1056-67.

• 106. Steg PG, James S, Harrington RA, Ardissino D, Becker RC, Cannon CP, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes intended for reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial subgroup analysis. Circulation. 2010;122(21):2131-41.

ASA+CLOPIDOGREL VS ASA+PRASUGREL

• 107. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2001-15.

• 108. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001;358(9281):527-33.

• 109. Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9665):723-31.

INHIBIDORES DE BOMBA DE PROTONES

• 110. Bhatt DL, Scheiman J, Abraham NS, Antman EM, Chan FK, Furberg CD, et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(11):2890-907.

• 111. Moukarbel GV, Signorovitch JE, Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, White HD, Maggioni AP, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding in high risk survivors of myocardial infarction: the VALIANT Trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(18):2226-32.

• 112. Lai KC, Lam SK, Chu KM, Wong BC, Hui WM, Hu WH, et al. Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrences of ulcer complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(26):2033-8.

• 113. Ho PM, Maddox TM, Wang L, Fihn SD, Jesse RL, Peterson ED, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome. JAMA. 2009;301(9):937-44.

• 114. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. 2009;180(7):713-8.

• 115. Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC, Le Gal G, Lacut K, Le Calvez G, et al. Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA (Omeprazole CLopidogrel Aspirin) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(3):256-60.

• 116. Sibbing D, Morath T, Stegherr J, Braun S, Vogt W, Hadamitzky, M, et al. Impact of proton pump inhibitors on the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101:714-9.

• 117. Chen M, Wei JF, Xu YN, Liu XJ, Huang DJ. A Meta-Analysis of Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Antiplatelet Effect of Clopidogrel. Cardiovasc Ther. 2011.

• 118. Dunn SP, Macaulay TE, Brennan DM, Campbell CL, Charnigo RJ, Smyth SS, et al. Baseline proton pump inhibitor use is associated with increased cardiovascular events with and without the use of clopidogrel in the CREDO trial [abstract 3999] Circulation. 2008;118:S_815.

• 119. O’Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, Antman EM, Murphy SA, Bates ER, Rozenman Y, et al. Pharmacodynamic effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel with or without a proton-pump inhibitor: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9694):989-97.

• 120. Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17.

HNF VS HBPM

• 121. Harrington RA, Becker RC, Cannon CP, Gutterman D, Lincoff AM, Popma JJ. et al. Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133: 670S–707S.

• 122. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease, Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) study group. Lancet. 1996;347(9001):561-8.

• 123. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Fromell GJ, Goodman S, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(7):447-52.

• 124. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Bernink PJ, Salein D, et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation. 1999;100(15):1593- 601.

• 125. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease, Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) study group. Lancet. 1996;347(9001):561-8.

• 126. Comparison of two treatment durations (6 days and 14 days) of a low molecular weight heparin with a 6-day treatment of unfractionated heparin in the initial management of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction: FRAX.I.S. (FRAxiparine in Ischaemic Syndrome). Eur Heart J. 1999;20(21):1553-62.

• 127. Michalis L, Katsouras C, Papamichael N, Adamides K, Naka K, Goudevenos J, et al. Enoxaparin versus tinzaparin in non-ST–segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the EVET trial. American heart journal. 2003;146(2):304-10.

• 128. Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, Murphy SA, Ruda M, Sadowski Z, et al. Enoxaparin versus Unfractionated Heparin with Fibrinolysis for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 2012/08/08;354(14):1477-88.

• 129. Harrington RA, Becker RC, Cannon CP, Gutterman D, Lincoff AM, Popma JJ. et al. Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133: 670S–707S.

• 130. Eikelboom JW, Anand SS, Malmberg K, Weitz JI, Ginsberg JS, Yusuf S. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecularweight heparin in acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2000;355(9219):1936-42.

• 131. Magee KD, Sevcik W, Moher D, Rowe BH. Low molecular weight heparins versus unfractionated heparin for acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(1):CD002132.

• 132. Petersen JL, Mahaffey KW, Hasselblad V, Antman EM, Cohen M, Goodman SG, et al. Efficacy and bleeding complications among patients randomized to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin for antithrombin therapy in non- ST-Segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic overview. JAMA. 2004;292:89 –96.

• 133. Murphy SA, Gibson CM, Morrow DA, Van de Werf F, Menown IB, Goodman SG, et al. Efficacy and safety of the low-molecular weight heparin enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin across the acute coronary syndrome spectrum: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2007;28: 2077–86.

• 134. Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM, Cohen M, Grines CL, Goodman S, et al. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292:45–54.

• 135. Cohen M, Mahaffey KW, Pieper K, Pollack CV, Jr., Antman EM, Hoekstra J, et al. A subgroup analysis of the impact of prerandomization antithrombin therapy on outcomes in the SYNERGY trial: enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(7):1346-54.

• 136. Drouet L, Bal dit Sollier C, Martin J. Adding intravenous unfractionated heparin to standard enoxaparin causes excessive anticoagulation not detected by activated clotting time: Results of the STACK-on to ENOXaparin (STACKENOX) study. American heart journal. 2009;158(2):177-84.

• 137. Kaul S, Diamond GA. Good enough: a primer on the analysis and interpretation of noninferiority trials. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(1):62-9.

• 138. Kaul S, Diamond GA. Trial and error. How to avoid commonly encountered limitations of published clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(5):415-27.

• 139. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease, Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) study group. Lancet. 1996;347(9001):561-8.

• 140. Navarese E, De Luca G, Castriota F, Kozinski M, Gurbel P, Gibson C et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins vs. unfractionated heparin in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 9: 1902–1915

• 141. De Lucca G, Marino P. Adjunctive benefits from lowmolecular- weight heparins as compared to unfractionated heparin among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis.A metaanalysis of the randomized trials. Am Heart J 2007;154:1085. e1-1085.e6.

FONDAPARINUX VS ENOXAPARINA VS HNF

• 142. Collet JP, Montalescot G, Agnelli G, Van de Werf F, Gurfinkel EP, Lopez-Sendon J, et al. Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in patients with renal dysfunction: benefit of low-molecular-weight heparin alone or with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors on outcomes. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(21):2285-93.

• 143. Fox KA, Bassand JP, Mehta SR, Wallentin L, Theroux P, Piegas LS, et al. Influence of renal function on the efficacy and safety of fondaparinux relative to enoxaparin in non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(5):304-10.

• 144. Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM, American College of Chest P. Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e24S- 43S.

• 145. Simoons ML, Bobbink IW, Boland J, Gardien M, Klootwijk P, Lensing AW, et al. A dose-finding study of fondaparinux in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the Pentasaccharide in Unstable Angina (PENTUA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(12):2183-90.

• 146. Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, et al. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(13):1519-30.

• 147. Sculpher MJ, Lozano-Ortega G, Sambrook J, Palmer S, Ormanidhi O, Bakhai A, et al. Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparin in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: short-term cost and long-term cost-effectiveness using data from the Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators (OASIS-5) trial. Am Heart J. 157. United States2009. p. 845-52.

• 148. Steg PG, Jolly SS, Mehta SR, Afzal R, Xavier D, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Low-dose vs standard-dose unfractionated heparin for percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes treated with fondaparinux: the FUTURA/ OASIS-8 randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304(12):1339-49.

• 149. Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, et al. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(14):1464-76.

• 150. Mehta SR, Steg PG, Granger CB, Bassand JP, Faxon DP, Weitz JI, et al. Randomized, blinded trial comparing fondaparinux with unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention: Arixtra Study in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a Randomized Evaluation (ASPIRE) Pilot Trial. Circulation. 2005;111(11):1390-7.

TERAPIA ANTITROMBINICA – BIVALIRUDINA

• 151. Antman EM. Should bivalirudin replace heparin during percutaneous coronary interventions? JAMA 2003; 289:903–5.

• 152. Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, Moses JW, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(21):2203-16.

• 153. Stone GW, White HD, Ohman EM, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, McLaurin BT, et al. Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a subgroup analysis from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategy (ACUITY) trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9565):907-19.

• 154. Stone GW, Ware JH, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, Moses JW, Ohman EM, et al. Antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial. JAMA. 2007;298(21):2497-506.

• 155. White HD, Chew DP, Hoekstra JW, Miller CD, Pollack CV, Jr., Feit F, et al. Safety and efficacy of switching from either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin to bivalirudin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an invasive strategy: results from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(18):1734-41.

• 156. Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Peruga JZ, Brodie BR, et al. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1149-59.

BETABLOQUEADORES

• 157. Telford AM, Wilson C. Trial of heparin versus atenolol in prevention of myocardial infarction in intermediate coronary syndrome. Lancet. 1981;1(8232):1225-8.

• 158. Lubsen J, Tijssen JG. Efficacy of nifedipine and metoprolol in the early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/ metoprolol Trial (HINT). Am J Cardiol. 1987;60(2):18A-25A.

• 159. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985;27(5):335-71.

• 160. Miller CD, Roe MT, Mulgund J, Hoekstra JW, Santos R, Pollack CV, Jr., et al. Impact of acute beta-blocker therapy for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):685-92.

• 161. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. 1999;318(7200):1730-7.

• 162. Al-Reesi A, Al-Zadjali N, Perry J, Fergusson D, Al-Shamsi M, Al-Thagafi M, et al. Do beta-blockers reduce shortterm mortality following acute myocardial infarction? A systematic review and meta-analysis. CJEM. 2008;10(3):215- 23.

• 163. Brandler E, Paladino L, Sinert R. Does the early administration of beta-blockers improve the in-hospital mortality rate of patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome? Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(1):1-10.

• 164. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622-32.

• 165. Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1981;304(14):801-7.

• 166. A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. I. Mortality results. JAMA. 1982;247(12):1707-14.

• 167. Reduction of infarct size by the early use of intravenous timolol in acute myocardial infarction. International Collaborative Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54(11):14E- 5E.

• 168. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction (MIAMI). A randomised placebo-controlled international trial. The MIAMI Trial Research Group. Eur Heart J. 1985;6(3):199-226.

• 169. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985;27(5):335-71.

• 170. The Lopressor Intervention Trial: multicentre study of metoprolol in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Lopressor Intervention Trial Research Group. Eur Heart J. 1987;8(10):1056-64.

• 171. Roberts R, Rogers WJ, Mueller HS, Lambrew CT, Diver DJ, Smith HC, et al. Immediate versus deferred betablockade following thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II-B Study. Circulation. 1991;83(2):422-37.

• 172. Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1385- 90.

• 173. Devereaux PJ, Yang H, Yusuf S, Guyatt G, Leslie K, Villar JC, et al. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1839- 47.

• 174. Kontos MC, Diercks DB, Ho PM, Wang TY, Chen AY, Roe MT. Treatment and outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction treated with acute beta-blocker therapy: results from the American College of Cardiology’s NCDR((R)). Am Heart J. 2011;161(5):864-70.

INHIBIDORES Y ARA II

• 175. Senior JM. Trasplante celular en falla cardíaca. EN. Sindrome de falla cardíaca y trasplante. Senior JM ed. Distribuna Bogotá 2011.

• 176. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8951):669- 85.

• 177. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico. Lancet. 1994;343(8906):1115-22.

• 178. Oral captopril versus placebo among 14,962 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1) Collaborative Group. Chin Med J (Engl). 1997;110(11):834-8.

• 179. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Jr., Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):669-77.

• 180. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensinconverting- enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(25):1670-6.

• 181. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8951):669- 85.

• 182. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico. Lancet. 1994;343(8906):1115-22.

• 183. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(2):80-5.

• 184. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet. 1993;342(8875):821-8.

• 185. Oral captopril versus placebo among 14,962 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1) Collaborative Group. Chin Med J (Engl). 1997;110(11):834-8.

• 186. Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Ryden L, Wedel H. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):678-84.

• 187. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Circulation. 1998;97(22):2202-12.

• 188. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(2):80-5.

• 189. Borghi C, Marino P, Zardini P, Magnani B, Collatina S, Ambrosioni E. Short- and long-term effects of early fosinopril administration in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis: results from the Fosinopril in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study. FAMIS Working Party. Am Heart J. 1998;136(2):213-25.

• 190. Teo KK, Yusuf S, Pfeffer M, Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L, Hall A, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with angiotensinconverting- enzyme inhibitors in the presence or absence of aspirin: a systematic review. Lancet. 2002;360(9339):1037- 43.

• 191. Latini R, Tognoni G, Maggioni AP, Baigent C, Braunwald E, Chen ZM, et al. Clinical effects of early angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor treatment for acute myocardial infarction are similar in the presence and absence of aspirin: systematic overview of individual data from 96,712 randomized patients. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(7):1801-7.

• 192. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, Group OSCotOS. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet. 2002;360(9335):752-60.

• 193. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Kober L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1893-906.

• 194. Lee VC, Rhew DC, Dylan M, Badamgarav E, Braunstein GD, Weingarten SR. Meta-Analysis: Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure and High-Risk Acute Myocardial Infarction. 2004;141(9):693-704.

• 195. Phillips CO, Kashani A, Ko DK, Francis G, Krumholz HM. Adverse effects of combination angiotensin II receptor blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative review of data from randomized clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(18):1930-6.

• 196. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Kober L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1893-906.

• 197. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):759- 66. INHIBIDORES DE GLIOPROTEINA IIb/IIIa

• 198. Kleiman NS. Pharmacology of the intravenous platelet receptor glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists. Coron Artery Dis 1998;9:603–16.

• 199. Tam SH, Sassoli PM, Jordan RE, Nakada MT. Abciximab (ReoPro, chimeric 7E3 Fab) demonstrates equivalent affinity and functional blockade of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and alpha(v)beta3 integrins. Circulation 1998;98:1085–91.

• 200. Phillips DR, Scarborough RM. Clinical pharmacology of eptifibatide. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:11B–20B.

• 201. Mukherjee D, Mahaffey KW, Moliterno DJ, Harrington RA, Yadav JS, Pieper KS, et al. Promise of combined lowmolecular- weight heparin and platelet glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa inhibition: results from Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonist for the Reduction of Acute coronary syndrome events in a Global Organization Network B (PARAGON B). Am Heart J. 2002;144(6):995-1002.

• 202. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. The EPIC Investigation. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(14):956-61.

• 203. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. The EPILOG Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(24):1689-96.

• 204. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplastycontrolled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. Lancet. 352. England1998. p. 87-92.

• 205. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of titrated intravenous lamifiban for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;105(3):316-21.

• 206. Simoons ML, Investigators GI-A. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9272):1915-24.

• 207. Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, Powers ER, Grines CL, Cohen DJ, et al. Comparison of two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tirofiban and abciximab, for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(25):1888-94.

• 208. Kabbani SS, Aggarwal A, Terrien EF, DiBattiste PM, Sobel BE, Schneider DJ. Suboptimal early inhibition of platelets by treatment with tirofiban and implications for coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:647–50.

• 209. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Integrilinto Minimise Platelet Aggregation and Coronary Thrombosis-II. Lancet 1997;349:1422– 8.

• 210. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. The RESTORE Investigators. Randomized Efficacy Study of Tirofiban for Outcomes and REstenosis. Circulation. 1997;96(5):1445-53.

• 211. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebocontrolled trial. The Lancet. 2000;356(9247):2037-44.

• 212. Roffi M, Chew DP, Mukherjee D, Bhatt DL, White JA, Moliterno DJ, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in acute coronary syndromes. Gradient of benefit related to the revascularization strategy. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(18):1441- 8.

• 213. Simoons ML, Investigators GI-A. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9272):1915-24.

• 214. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Theroux P, Van de Werf F, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2002;359(9302):189-98.

• 215. Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW, Ohman EM, Lincoff AM, Ware JH, et al. Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial. JAMA 2007;297:591–602.

• 216. Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, Armstrong PW, Montalescot G, Lewis BS, et al. Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(21):2176-90.

• 217. Tricoci P, Newby LK, Hasselblad V, Kong DF, Giugliano RP, White HD, et al. Upstream use of small-molecule glycoprotein iib/iiia inhibitors in patients with non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic overview of randomized clinical trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4(4):448-58.

• 218. Sciahbasi A, Biondi-Zoccai G, Romagnoli E, Valgimigli M, Rasoul S, van’t Hof A, et al. Routine upstream versus selective downstream administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155(2):243-8.

• 219. Bosch X, Marrugat J, Sanchis J. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers during percutaneous coronary intervention and as the initial medical treatment of non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 9

• 220. De Luca G, Navarese EP, Cassetti E, Verdoia M, Suryapranata H. Meta-analysis of randomized trials of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in high-risk acute coronary syndromes patients undergoing invasive strategy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(2):198- 203

• 221. Friedland S, Eisenberg MJ, Shimony A. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Intracoronary Versus Intravenous Administration of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 108. United States: 2011 Elsevier Inc; 2011. p. 1244-51.

• 222. Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, Powers ER, Grines CL, Cohen DJ, et al. Comparison of two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tirofiban and abciximab, for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(25):1888-94.

• 223. Valgimigli M, Biondi-Zoccai G, Tebaldi M, van’t Hof AW, Campo G, Hamm C, et al. Tirofiban as adjunctive therapy for acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(1):35-49

• 224. O’Donoghue M, Antman EM, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Steg PG, Finkelstein A, et al. The efficacy and safety of prasugrel with and without a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous intervention: a TRITON-TIMI 38 (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition With Prasugrel-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 38) analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(8):678-85.

• 225. De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Stone GW, Antoniucci D, Tcheng JE, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005;293(14):1759-65.

• 226. Van’t Hof AW, Ten Berg J, Heestermans T, Dill T, Funck RC, van Werkum W, et al. Prehospital initiation of tirofiban in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty (On-TIME 2): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9638):537-46.

• 227. De Luca G, Navarese E, Marino P. Risk profile and benefits from Gp IIb-IIIa inhibitors among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: a meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(22):2705-13.

• 228. Ellis SG, Tendera M, de Belder MA, van Boven AJ, Widimsky P, Janssens L, et al. Facilitated PCI in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(21):2205-17.

EPLERERONA

• 229. Teo KK, Burton JR, Buller CE, Plante S, Catellier D, Tymchak W, et al. Long-term effects of cholesterol lowering and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on coronary atherosclerosis: The Simvastatin/Enalapril Coronary Atherosclerosis Trial (SCAT). Circulation. 2000 Oct 10;102(15):1748-54.

• 230. Kondo J, Sone T, Tsuboi H, Mukawa H, Morishima I, Uesugi M, et al. Effects of low-dose angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2003 Dec;146(6):E20.

• 231. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3;348(14):1309-21.

• 232. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al.The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators.N Engl J Med 1999;341:709e17.

• 233. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011;364:11e21.

ESTATINAS DESDE SALA DE URGENCIAS

• 234. Wood D, De Backer G, Faergemann O, Graham I, Mancia G, Mancia G on behalf of the Task Force Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendation of the Second Joint task Force of European and Societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:1434-503.

• 235. Dupuis J, Tardif JC, Cernacek P, Théroux P. Cholesterol reduction rapidly improves endothelial function after acute coronary syndromes. The RECIFE (reduction of cholesterol in ischemia and function of the endothelium) trial. Circulation. 1999;99(25):3227-33.

• 236. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998;279(20):1643-50.

• 237. Aronow HD, Topol EJ, Roe MT, Houghtaling PL, Wolski KE, Lincoff AM, et al. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on early mortality after acute coronary syndromes: an observational study. Lancet. 2001; 357 (9662): 1063-8.

• 238. Fonarow GC, Wright RS, Spencer FA, Fredrick PD, Dong W, Every N, et al. Effect of statin use within the first 24 hours of admission for acute myocardial infarction on early morbidity and mortality. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(5):611-6.

• 239. Newby LK, Kristinsson A, Bhapkar MV, Aylward PE, Dimas AP, Klein WW, et al. Early statin initiation and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2002;287(23):3087-95.

• 240. Spencer FA, Allegrone J, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Fox KA, Granger CB, et al. Association of statin therapy with outcomes of acute coronary syndromes: the GRACE study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(11):857-66.

• 241. Stenestrand U, Wallentin L, Swedish Register of Cardiac Intensive C. Early statin treatment following acute myocardial infarction and 1-year survival. JAMA. 2001;285(4):430-6.

• 242. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(15):1495-504.

• 243. Arntz HR, Agrawal R, Wunderlich W, Schnitzer L, Stern R, Fischer F, et al. Beneficial effects of pravastatin (+/-colestyramine/niacin) initiated immediately after a coronary event (the randomized Lipid-Coronary Artery Disease [L-CAD] Study). Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(12):1293-8.

• 244. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285(13):1711-8.

• 245. Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Macaya C, Kokott N, Puel J, Vrolix M, et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287(24):3215-22.

• 246. Briel M, Schwartz GG, Thompson PL, de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, van Es GA, et al. Effects of early treatment with statins on short-term clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2046-56.

• 247. Hulten E, Jackson JL, Douglas K, George S, Villines TC. The effect of early, intensive statin therapy on acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17):1814-21.

• 248. Vale N, Nordmann AJ, Schwartz GG, de Lemos J, Colivicchi F, den Hartog F, et al. Statins for acute coronary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(6):CD006870.

• 249. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Lewis EF, Fox KA, White HD, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA.2004;292(11):1307-16. CALCIOANTAGONISTAS

• 250. Theroux P, Taeymans Y, Morissette D, Bosch X, Pelletier GB, Waters DD. A randomized study comparing propranolol and diltiazem in the treatment of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(3):717-22.

• 251. Parodi O, Simonetti I, Michelassi C, Carpeggiani C, Biagini A, L’Abbate A, et al. Comparison of verapamil and propranolol therapy for angina pectoris at rest: a randomized, multiplecrossover, controlled trial in the coronary care unit. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(11):899-906.

• 252. Lubsen J, Tijssen JG. Efficacy of nifedipine and metoprolol in the early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/ metoprolol Trial (HINT). Am J Cardiol. 1987;60(2):18A-25A.

• 253. Hansen JF. Treatment with verapamil after an acute myocardial infarction. Review of the Danish studies on verapamil in myocardial infarction (DAVIT I and II). Drugs. 1991;42 Suppl 2:43-53.

• 254. Moss AJ, Oakes D, Rubison M, McDermott M, Carleen E, Eberly S, et al. Effects of diltiazem on long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without a history of systemic hypertension. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(5):429-33.

• 255. Held PH, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview. BMJ. 1989;299(6709):1187-92.

• 256. Pepine CJ, Faich G, Makuch R. Verapamil use in patients with cardiovascular disease: an overview of randomized trials. Clin Cardiol. 1998;21(9):633-41.

• 257. Hansen JF, Tingsted L, Rasmussen V, Madsen JK, Jespersen CM. Verapamil and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(16):16D-21D.

• 258. Hansen JF, Hagerup L, Sigurd B, Pedersen F, Mellemgaard K, Pedersen-Bjergaard O, et al. Cardiac event rates after acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with verapamil and trandolapril versus trandolapril alone. Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT) Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(6):738-4.

INVASIVA TEMPRANA VS INVASIVA SELECTIVA

• 259. Mehta SR, Cannon CP, Fox KA, Wallentin L, Boden WE, Spacek R, et al. Routine vs selective invasive strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005;293(23):2908-17.

• 260. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48(7):1319-25.

• 261. O’Donoghue M, Boden WE, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Clayton TC, de Winter RJ, et al. Early invasive vs conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(1):71-80.

• 262. Fox KA, Clayton TC, Damman P, Pocock SJ, de Winter RJ, Tijssen JG, et al. Long-term outcome of a routine versus selective invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(22):2435- 45.

• 263. Damman P, Clayton T, Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Fox KA, Hirsch A, et al. Effects of age on long-term outcomes after a routine invasive or selective invasive strategy in patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a collaborative analysis of individual data from the FRISC II – ICTUS – RITA-3 (FIR) trials. Heart. 2012;98(3):207-13.

• 264. Hoenig MR, Aroney CN, Scott IA. Early invasive versus conservative strategies for unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the stent era. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(3):CD004815.

INVASIVA TEMPRANA EN RIESGO INTERM Y ALTO

• 265. Fox KA, Clayton TC, Damman P, Pocock SJ, de Winter RJ, Tijssen JG, et al. Long-term outcome of a routine versus selective invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(22):2435- 45.

• 266. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, McCabe CH, Horacek T, Papuchis G, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/ non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000;284(7):835-42.

• 267. Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ. 2006;333(7578):1091.

• 268. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, Steg PG, Bassand JP, Faxon DP, et al. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(21):2165-75.

• 269. Stone GW, Bertrand M, Colombo A, Dangas G, Farkouh ME, Feit F, et al. Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY (ACUITY) trial: study design and rationale. Am Heart J. 2004;148(5):764-75.

• 270. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(25):1879-87.

ICP TEMPRANA VS TM CON MARCADORES

• 271. Brotons C, Permanyer-Miralda G, Calvo F, Campreciós M, Santos MT, Cascant P, et al. Validation of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Classification for Managing Unstable Angina. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1999;52(10):959-65.

• 272. Mathew V, Farkouh M, Grill DE, Urban LH, Cusma JT, Reeder GS, et al. Clinical risk stratification correlates with the angiographic extent of coronary artery disease in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(8):2053-8.

• 273. Yildiz A, Pehlivanoglu S, Gurmen T, Coskun U, Kilickesmez KO, Baskurt M, et al. Correlation between the AHCPR (Agency For Health Care Policy and Research) risk stratification and angiographic morphology in non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2011;39(2):105-13.

• 274. Ferreiros ER, Kevorkian R, Fuselli JJ, Guetta J, Boissonnet CP, di Toro D, et al. First national survey on management strategies in non ST-elevation acute ischaemic syndromes in Argentina. Results of the STRATEG-SIA study. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(13):1021-9.

• 275. Damman P, Clayton T, Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Fox KA, Hirsch A, et al. Effects of age on long-term outcomes after a routine invasive or selective invasive strategy in patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a collaborative analysis of individual data from the FRISC II – ICTUS – RITA-3 (FIR) trials. Heart. 2012;98(3):207-13.

• 276. Solomon DH, Stone PH, Glynn RJ, Ganz DA, Gibson CM, Tracy R, et al. Use of risk stratification to identify patients with unstable angina likeliest to benefit from an invasive versus conservative management strategy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(4):969-76.

• 277. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Rifai N, et al. Multimarker approach to risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: simultaneous assessment of troponin I, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide. Circulation. 2002;105(15):1760-3.

• 278. O’Donoghue M, Boden WE, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Clayton TC, de Winter RJ, et al. Early invasive vs conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(1):71-80.

• 279. Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Murphy SA, Demopoulos LA, DiBattiste PM, et al. Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide for risk assessment in unstable angina/ non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: B-type natriuretic peptide and prognosis in TACTICS-TIMI 18. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(8):1264-72.

• 280. Jiang CY, Li N, Wang JA. Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in evaluation of early percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004;117(8):1130-4.

• 281. Ahmed W, Zafar S, Alam AY, Ahktar N, Shah MA, Alpert MA. Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic Peptide in patients with unstable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications. Angiology. 2007;58(3):269-74.

• 282. Jernberg T, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Andren B, Frostfeldt G, Lagerqvist B, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in relation to inflammation, myocardial necrosis, and the effect of an invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1909-16.

• 283. Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, de Lemos JA, Murphy S, Sabatine MS, et al. Clinical application of C-reactive protein across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem. 2007;53(10):1800-7.

• 284. Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Jesse RL, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Storrow AB, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical characteristics and utilization of biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2007;115(13):e356- 75.

• 285. Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, Venge P, Wallentin L. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to longterm mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(16):1139-47.

• 286. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107(3):499- 511.

• 287. Lindmark E, Diderholm E, Wallentin L, Siegbahn A. Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: effects of an early invasive or noninvasive strategy. JAMA. 2001;286(17):2107- 13.

INVASIVA TEMPRANA VS DIFERIDA

• 288. Montalescot G, Cayla G, Collet JP, Elhadad S, Beygui F, Le Breton H, et al. Immediate vs delayed intervention for acute coronary syndromes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2009;302(9):947-54.

• 289. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, Steg PG, Bassand JP, Faxon DP, et al. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(21):2165-75.

• 290. Riezebos RK, Ronner E, Ter Bals E, Slagboom T, Smits PC, ten Berg JM, et al. Immediate versus deferred coronary angioplasty in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2009;95(10):807-12.

• 291. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Pogatsa-Murray G, Mehilli J, Bollwein H, Bestehorn HP, et al. Evaluation of prolonged antithrombotic pretreatment (“cooling-off” strategy) before intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290(12):1593-9.

• 292. Van ‘t Hof AW, de Vries ST, Dambrink JH, Miedema K, Suryapranata H, Hoorntje JC, et al. A comparison of two invasive strategies in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: results of the Early or Late Intervention in unStable Angina (ELISA) pilot study. 2b/3a upstream therapy and acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(15):1401-5.

• 293. Katritsis DG, Siontis GC, Kastrati A, van’t Hof AW, Neumann FJ, Siontis KC, et al. Optimal timing of coronary angiography and potential intervention in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(1):32-40.

• 294. Zhang S, Ge J, Yao K, Qian J. Meta-analysis of early versus deferred revascularization for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9):1207- 13.

• 295. Navarese EP, De Servi S, Gibson CM, Buffon A, Castriota F, Kubica J, et al. Early vs. delayed invasive strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation: a meta-analysis of randomized studies. QJM. 2011;104(3):193-200.

• 296. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, Steg PG, Bassand JP, Faxon DP, et al. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(21):2165-75.

• 297. Sorajja P, Gersh BJ, Cox DA, McLaughlin MG, Zimetbaum P, Costantini C, et al. Impact of delay to angioplasty in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: analysis from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(14):1416-24.

• 298. Stone GW, Bertrand M, Colombo A, Dangas G, Farkouh ME, Feit F, et al. Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY (ACUITY) trial: study design and rationale. Am Heart J. 2004;148(5):764-75.

INVASIVA URGENTE VS MM

• 299. Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011; 32(23):2999-3054.

• 300. Jeger RV, Urban P, Harkness SM, Tseng CH, Stauffer JC, Lejemtel TH, et al. Early revascularization is beneficial across all ages and a wide spectrum of cardiogenic shock severity: A pooled analysis of trials. Acute Card Care. 2011; 13(1):14-20.

• 301. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, White HD, Dzavik V, Wong SC, Menon V, et al. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA. 2001; 285(2):190-2.

• 302. Jeger RV, Harkness SM, Ramanathan K, Buller CE, Pfisterer ME, Sleeper LA, et al. Emergency revascularization in patients with cardiogenic shock on admission: a report from the SHOCK trial and registry. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27(6):664-70.

INTERVENCIÓN CON PRUEBA DE ESTRES

• 303. Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE, Jr., Ettinger SM, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-STElevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Family Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(19):e215-367.

• 304. Nyman I, Wallentin L, Areskog M, Areskog NH, Swahn E. Risk stratification by early exercise testing after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease. The RISC Study Group. Int J Cardiol. 1993;39(2):131-42.

• 305. Safstrom K, Swahn E. Early symptom-limited exercise test for risk stratification in post menopausal women with unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC study group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(3):230-8.

• 306. Goyal A, Samaha FF, Boden WE, Wade MJ, Kimmel SE. Stress test criteria used in the conservative arm of the FRISC-II trial underdetects surgical coronary artery disease when applied to patients in the VANQWISH trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(10):1601-7.

• 307. Schaer BA, Jenni D, Rickenbacher P, Graedel C, Crevoisier J-L, Iselin H-U, et al. Long-term Performance of a Simple Algorithm for Early Discharge After Ruling Out Acute Coronary Syndrome* A Prospective Multicenter Trial. Chest. 2012;127(4):1364-70.

ESTATINAS PREVIO ESTRATEGIA INVASIVA TEMP

• 308. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Lewis EF, Fox KA, White HD, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA. 2004;292(11):1307-16.

• 309. Bavry AA, Mood GR, Kumbhani DJ, Borek PP, Askari AT, Bhatt DL. Long-term benefit of statin therapy initiated during hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2007;7(2):135-41.

• 310. Hulten E, Jackson JL, Douglas K, George S, Villines TC. The effect of early, intensive statin therapy on acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17):1814-21.

• 311. Winchester DE, Wen X, Xie L, Bavry AA. Evidence of preprocedural statin therapy a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(14):1099-109.

• 312. Di Sciascio G, Patti G, Pasceri V, Gaspardone A, Colonna G, Montinaro A. Efficacy of atorvastatin reload in patients on chronic statin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-RECAPTURE (Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage During Angioplasty) Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(6):558-65.

•  313. Jia XW, Fu XH, Zhang J, Gu XS, Fan WZ, Wu WL, et al. Intensive cholesterol lowering with statin improves the outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009;122(6):659-64.

• 314. Patti G, Pasceri V, Colonna G, Miglionico M, Fischetti D, Sardella G, et al. Atorvastatin pretreatment improves outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-ACS randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(12):1272-8.

• 315. Yun KH, Jeong MH, Oh SK, Rhee SJ, Park EM, Lee EM, et al. The beneficial effect of high loading dose of rosuvastatin before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2009;137(3):246-51.

ICCP VS FIBRINOLISIS

• 316. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361:13–20

• 317. Huynh T, Perron S, O’Loughlin J, Joseph L, Labrecque M, Tu JV, et al. Comparison of primary percutaneous coronary intervention and fibrinolytic therapy in ST-segmentelevation myocardial infarction: bayesian hierarchical metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Circulation. 2009;119(24):3101-9.

• 318. Nallamothu B, Bates E. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Fibrinolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is Timing (Almost) Everything?.Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:824– 826.

• 319. Asseburg C, Vergel YB, Palmer S, Fenwick E, de Belder M, Abrams KR, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of primary angioplasty compared with thrombolysis and its relationship to time delay: a Bayesian evidence synthesis. Heart. 2007;93(10):1244-50.

REPERFUSIÓN FIBRINOLÍTICA PRIMERAS 12H

• 320. White HD, Van de Werf FJ. Thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97(16):1632-46.

• 321. Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Lancet. 1986;1(8478):397-402.

• 322. Late Assessment of Thrombolytic Efficacy (LATE) study with alteplase 6-24 hours after onset of acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1993;342(8874):759-66.

• 323. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1994;343(8893):311-22.

• 324. A prospective trial of intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction (I.S.A.M.). Mortality, morbidity, and infarct size at 21 days. The I.S.A.M. Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(23):1465-71.

• 325. Effect of intravenous APSAC on mortality after acute myocardial infarction: preliminary report of a placebocontrolled clinical trial. AIMS Trial Study Group. Lancet. 1988;1(8585):545-9.

• 326. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1988;2(8607):349-60.

• 327. Wilcox RG, von der Lippe G, Olsson CG, Jensen G, Skene AM, Hampton JR. Trial of tissue plasminogen activator for mortality reduction in acute myocardial infarction. Anglo- Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET). Lancet. 1988;2(8610):525-30.

• 328. Rossi P, Bolognese L. Comparison of intravenous urokinase plus heparin versus heparin alone in acute myocardial infarction. Urochinasi per via Sistemica nell’Infarto Miocardico (USIM) Collaborative Group. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(6):585-92.

• 329. ISIS-3: a randomised comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41,299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-3 (Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1992;339(8796):753-70.

• 330. Randomised trial of late thrombolysis in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. EMERAS (Estudio Multicentrico Estreptoquinasa Republicas de America del Sur) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1993;342(8874):767-72.

FIBRINO-ESPECÍFICOS

• 331. McNicol G. The fibrinolytic system. Postgrad Med J 1973;49S:10S– 7S.

• 332. Fletcher A, Sherry S, Alkjaersig N. The maintenance of a sustained thrombolytic state in man: II. Clinical observations in patients with myocardial infarction and other thromboembolic disorders. J Clin Invest 1959;38:11–9.

• 333. Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Lancet. 1986;1(8478):397-402

• 334. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Phase I findings. TIMI Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(14):932-6.

• 335. Granger CB, White HD, Bates ER, Ohman EM, Califf RM. A pooled analysis of coronary arterial patency and left ventricular function after intravenous thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(12):1220- 8.

• 336. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. The GUSTO investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(10):673- 82. ICP POSTERIOR A FIBRINOLISIS EXITOSA

• 337. D’Souza SP, Mamas MA, Fraser DG, Fath-Ordoubadi F. Routine early coronary angioplasty versus ischaemiaguided angioplasty after thrombolysis in acute STelevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(8):972-82.

• 338. Bogaty P, Filion KB, Brophy JM. Routine invasive management after fibrinolysis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011; 11:34.

ICP DE RESCATE

• 339. Gershlick AH, Stephens-Lloyd A, Hughes S, Abrams KR, Stevens SE, Uren NG, et al. Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(26):2758-68.

• 340. Wijeysundera HC, Vijayaraghavan R, Nallamothu BK, Foody JM, Krumholz HM, Phillips CO, et al. Rescue angioplasty or repeat fibrinolysis after failed fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(4):422-30.

• 341. Testa L, van Gaal WJ, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A, Agostoni P, Bhindi R, et al. Repeat thrombolysis or conservative therapy vs. rescue percutaneous coronary intervention for failed thrombolysis: systematic review and meta-analysis. QJM. 2008;101(5):387-95.

• ICP FACILITADA

• 342. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Comparison of primary and facilitated percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: quantitative review of randomised trials. Lancet. 2006;367(9523):1656.

• 343. Ellis SG, Tendera M, de Belder MA, van Boven AJ, Widimsky P, Janssens L, et al. Facilitated PCI in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(21):2205-17.

ICP DESPUÉS DE 21H

• 344. Abbate A, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Appleton DL, Erne P, Schoenenberger AW, Lipinski MJ, et al. Survival and cardiac remodeling benefits in patients undergoing late percutaneous coronary intervention of the infarct-related artery: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(9):956-64.

• 345. Schomig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F, et al. Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(23):2865-72.

• 346. Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, Dzavik V, Reynolds HR, Abramsky SJ, et al. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2395-407

• 347. Dzavik V, Buller CE, Lamas GA, Rankin JM, Mancini GB, Cantor WJ, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous coronary intervention for subacute infarct-related coronary artery occlusion to achieve long-term patency and improve ventricular function: the Total Occlusion Study of Canada (TOSCA)-2 trial. Circulation. 2006;114(23):2449-57.

TERAPIA FARMACO-INVASIVA

• 348. Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2003;108(15):1809-14.

• 349. Wang TY, Peterson ED, Ou FS, Nallamothu BK, Rumsfeld JS, Roe MT. Door-to-balloon times for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction requiring interhospital transfer for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the national cardiovascular data registry. Am Heart J. 2011;161(1):76-83.e1.

• 350. Borgia F, Goodman SG, Halvorsen S, Cantor WJ, Piscione F, Le May MR, et al. Early routine percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis vs. standard therapy in STsegment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(17):2156-69.

• 351. Desch S, Eitel I, Rahimi K, de Waha S, Schuler G, Thiele H. Timing of invasive treatment after fibrinolysis in ST elevation myocardial infarction–a meta-analysis of immediate or early routine versus deferred or ischemia-guided randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2010;96(21):1695-702.

• 352. D’Souza SP, Mamas MA, Fraser DG, Fath-Ordoubadi F. Routine early coronary angioplasty versus ischaemiaguided angioplasty after thrombolysis in acute STelevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(8):972-82.

• 353. Scheller B, Hennen B, Hammer B, Walle J, Hofer C, Hilpert V, et al. Beneficial effects of immediate stenting after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(4):634-41.

• 354. Bøhmer E, Hoffmann P, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Halvorsen S. Efficacy and safety of immediate angioplasty versus ischemia-guided management after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in areas with very long transfer distances results of the NORDISTEMI (NORwegian study on DIstrict treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(2):102-10.

• 355. Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, Ducas J, Heffernan M, Cohen EA, et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(26):2705-18.

• 356. Fernandez-Avilés F, Alonso JJ, Castro-Beiras A, Vázquez N, Blanco J, Alonso-Briales J, et al. Routine invasive strategy within 24 hours of thrombolysis versus ischaemia-guided conservative approach for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (GRACIA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9439):1045-53.

STENT MEDICADO VS STENT CONVENCIONAL

• 357. Greenhalgh J, Hockenhull J, Rao N, Dundar Y, Dickson Rumona C, Bagust A. Drug-eluting stents versus bare metal stents for angina or acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. 2010; (5). Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004587/frame.html.

• 358. Suh HS, Song HJ, Choi JE, Jang EJ, Son HJ, Lee SM, et al. Drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2011;27(1):11-22.

• 359. Cortese B, Bertoletti A, De Matteis S, Danzi GB, Kastrati A. Drug-eluting stents perform better than bare metal stents in small coronary vessels: A meta-analysis of randomised and observational clinical studies with mid-term follow up. Int J Cardiol. 2011.

• 360. Kaiser C, Galatius S, Erne P, Eberli F, Alber H, Rickli H, et al. Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in large coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(24):2310-9.

• 361. De Luca G, Dirksen MT, Spaulding C, Kelbaek H, Schalij M, Thuesen L, et al. Drug-eluting vs bare-metal stents in primary angioplasty: a pooled patient-level meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 172. United States2012. p. 611-21; discussion 21-2.

ENFERMEDAD DE TRES VASOS

• 362. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, Boersma E, Booth J, Brooks MM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9670):1190-7.

• 363. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Stahle E, Colombo A, et al. Outcomes in patients with de novo left main disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention using paclitaxel-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass graft treatment in the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial. Circulation. 2010;121(24):2645-53.

• 364. Cohen DJ, Van Hout B, Serruys PW, Mohr FW, Macaya C, den Heijer P, et al. Quality of life after PCI with drug-eluting stents or coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):1016-26.

• 365. Weintraub WS, Grau-Sepulveda MV, Weiss JM, O’Brien SM, Peterson ED, Kolm P, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Revascularization Strategies. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(16):1467-76.

• 366. Capodanno D, Stone GW, Morice MC, Bass TA, Capodanno D, Stone GW, Morice MC, Bass TA, Tamburino C. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery in left main coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(14):1426-32.

• 367. Aziz O, Rao C, Panesar SS, Jones C, Morris S, Darzi A, et al. Meta-analysis of minimally invasive internal thoracic artery bypass versus percutaneous revascularisation for isolated lesions of the left anterior descending artery. BMJ. 2007;334(7594):617.

• 368. Kapoor JR, Gienger AL, Ardehali R, Varghese R, Perez MV, Sundaram V, et al. Isolated disease of the proximal left anterior descending artery comparing the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass surgery. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1(5):483-91.

• 369. Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Mohr FW, Berti S, et al. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(11):1067-75.

• 370. Lee MS, Yang T, Dhoot J, Iqbal Z, Liao H. Meta-analysis of studies comparing coronary artery bypass grafting with drug-eluting stenting in patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(11):1540-4.

• 371. Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS, Qureshi AC, Butts J, de Belder M, et al. Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients. 1-year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(5):432-40.

• 372. Edelman JJ, Yan TD, Padang R, Bannon PG, Vallely MP. Offpump coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90(4):1384- 90.

• 373. Cleland JG, Calvert M, Freemantle N, Arrow Y, Ball SG, Bonser RS, et al. The Heart Failure Revascularisation Trial (HEART). Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(2):227-33.

• 374. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(17):1607-16.

BETABLOQUEADORES

• 375. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985;27(5):335-71.

• 376. Teo KK, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1993;270(13):1589-95.

• 377. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. 1999;318(7200):1730-7.

• 378. de Peuter OR, Lussana F, Peters RJ, Büller HR, Kamphuisen PW. A systematic review of selective and non-selective beta blockers for prevention of vascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure. Neth J Med. 2009;67(9):284-94.

• 379. Okrainec K, Platt R, Pilote L, Eisenberg MJ. Cardiac medical therapy in patients after undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(2):177-84.

IECAS

• 380. Flather MD, Yusuf S, Køber L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G, et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000;355(9215):1575-81.

• 381. Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC, Atkinson CS, Tu W, Maglione M, et al. Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1529-38.

• 382. Ueshima K, Fukami K, Hiramori K, Hosoda S, Kishida H, Kato K, et al. Is angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor useful in a Japanese population for secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction? A final report of the Japanese Acute Myocardial Infarction Prospective (JAMP) study. Am Heart J. 2004;148(2):e8.

• 383. Al-Mallah MH, Tleyjeh IM, Abdel-Latif AA, Weaver WD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in coronary artery disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8):1576-83.

• 384. Al-Mallah MH, Tleyjeh IM, Abdel-Latif AA, Weaver WD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in coronary artery disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8):1576-83.

• 385. Danchin N, Cucherat M, Thuillez C, Durand E, Kadri Z, Steg PG. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease and absence of heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction: an overview of long-term randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(7):787-96.

• 386. Saha SA, Molnar J, Arora RR. Tissue ACE inhibitors for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with preserved left ventricular function: a pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2007;12(3):192-204.

• 387. Borghi C, Ambrosioni E, Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation Study G. Effects of zofenopril on myocardial ischemia in post-myocardial infarction patients with preserved left ventricular function: the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation (SMILE)- ISCHEMIA study. Am Heart J. 2007;153(3):445 e7-14.

• 388. Ferrari R, Perindopril and Remodeling in Elderly with Acute Myocardial Infarction I. Effects of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition with perindopril on left ventricular remodeling and clinical outcome: results of the randomized Perindopril and Remodeling in Elderly with Acute Myocardial Infarction (PREAMI) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(6):659-66.

• 389. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-53.

• 390. Pitt B, O’Neill B, Feldman R, Ferrari R, Schwartz L, Mudra H, et al. The QUinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evaluation of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(9):1058-63.

• 391. MacMahon S, Sharpe N, Gamble G, Clague A, Mhurchu CN, Clark T, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in patients with coronary or other occlusive arterial disease. PART-2 Collaborative Research Group. Prevention of Atherosclerosis with Ramipril. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(2):438-43.

• 392. Teo KK, Burton JR, Buller CE, Plante S, Catellier D, Tymchak W, et al. Long-term effects of cholesterol lowering and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on coronary atherosclerosis: The Simvastatin/Enalapril Coronary Atherosclerosis Trial (SCAT). Circulation. 2000;102(15):1748- 54.

• 393. Fox KM, Investigators EUtOrocewPiscAd. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362(9386):782-8.

• 394. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(20):2058-68.

• 395. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(18):2217-25. ARA II

• 396. Kondo J, Sone T, Tsuboi H, Mukawa H, Morishima I, Uesugi M, et al. Effects of low-dose angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2003;146(6):E20.

• 397. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, Group OSCotOS. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet. 2002;360(9335):752-60.

• 398. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1893-906.

• 399. Tu H, HB C. The efficacy and safety of spironolactone in the treatment of chronic heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. Hebei Med. 2003;9:908-10.

• 400. Ruta J, Ptaszyński P, Maciejewski M, Chizyński K, Goch JH. [Effect of spironolactone on mortality in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction]. Przegl Lek. 2006;63(12):1249-51.

• 401. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309-21.

• 402. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):709-17.

ESTATINAS

• 403. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670-81.

• 404. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383-9.

• 405. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7-22.

• 406. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(20):1301-7.

• 407. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1001-9.

• 408. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(19):1349-57.

• 409. Results of the low-dose (20 mg) pravastatin GISSI Prevenzione trial in 4271 patients with recent myocardial infarction: do stopped trials contribute to overall knowledge? GISSI Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico). Ital Heart J. 2000;1(12):810-20.

• 410. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1623-30.

• 411. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA. 2002;288(23):2998-3007.

• 412. Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, Kitabatake A, Goto Y, Toyota T, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9542):1155- 63.

• 413. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149-58.

• 414. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9435):685-96.

• 415. Koren MJ, Hunninghake DB. Clinical outcomes in managedcare patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipidlowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1772–79.

• 416. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(3):238- 48.

• 417. Knopp RH, d’Emden M, Smilde JG, Pocock SJ. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1478–85

• 418. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(3):153-62.

• 419. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/ Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA. 1998;279(20):1615-22.

• 420. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Jr., Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195-207.

• 421. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Latini R, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1231- 9.

• 422. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1395-407.

• 423. Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Macaya C, Kokott N, Puel J, Vrolix M, et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287(24):3215-22.

• 424. Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Jardine AG, Holme I, Nyberg G, Fauchald P, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2024-31.

• 425. Mills EJ, Wu P, Chong G, Ghement I, Singh S, Akl EA, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials. QJM. 2011;104(2):109-24.

• 426. Vale N, Nordmann AJ, Schwartz GG, de Lemos J, Colivicchi F, den Hartog F, et al. Statins for acute coronary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(6):CD006870.

• 427. Smith SC, Jr., Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124(22):2458-73.

ESTATINAS ACIDO NICOTINICO

• 428. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC, Morse JS, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(22):1583-92.

• 429. Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(24):2255-67.

• 430. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High- Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(6):410-8.

• 431. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation. 2000;102(1):21-7.

• 432. ost Myocardial Infarction: Secondary prevention in primary and secondary care for patients following a myocardial infarction. London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care; 2007 May.

• 433. Smith SC, Jr., Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124(22):2458-73.

ANTI-AGREGACIÓN DUAL CON STENT MEDICADO

• 434. Kandzari DE, Barker CS, Leon MB, Mauri L, Wijns W, Fajadet J, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy duration and clinical outcomes following treatment with zotarolimus-eluting stents. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011 oct;4(10):1119–28.

• 435. Stone GW, Moses JW, Ellis SG, Schofer J, Dawkins KD, Morice M-C, et al. Safety and efficacy of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007 mar 8;356(10):998–1008.

• 436. Pfisterer M, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Buser PT, Rickenbacher P, Hunziker P, Mueller C, et al. Late clinical events after clopidogrel discontinuation may limit the benefit of drugeluting stents: an observational study of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006 dic 19;48(12):2584–91.

• 437. Eisenstein EL, Anstrom KJ, Kong DF, Shaw LK, Tuttle RH, Mark DB, et al. Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. JAMA. 2007 ene 10;297(2):159–68.

• 438. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT 3rd, Fry ETA, DeLago A, Wilmer C, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 nov 20;288(19):2411–20.

• 439. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001 ago 18;358(9281):527–33.

• 440. Spertus JA, Kettelkamp R, Vance C, Decker C, Jones PG, Rumsfeld JS, et al. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of premature discontinuation of thienopyridine therapy after drug-eluting stent placement: results from the PREMIER registry. Circulation. 2006 jun 20;113(24):2803–9.

• 441. Valgimigli M, Campo G, Percoco G, Bolognese L, Vassanelli C, Colangelo S, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with infusion of tirofiban or abciximab and with implantation of sirolimus-eluting or uncoated stents for acute myocardial infarction: the MULTISTRATEGY randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 abr 16;299(15):1788–99.

• 442. De Luca G, Cassetti E, Marino P. Impact of duration of clopidogrel prescription on outcome of DES as compared to BMS in primary angioplasty: a meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 2009 may;27(4):365–78.

• 443. Park S-J, Park D-W, Kim Y-H, Kang S-J, Lee S-W, Lee CW, et al. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug-eluting stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010 abr 15;362(15):1374–82.

• 444. Valgimigli M, Campo G, Monti M, Vranckx P, Percoco G, Tumscitz C, et al. Short- versus long-term duration of dualantiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting: a randomized multicenter trial. Circulation. 2012 abr 24;125(16):2015–26.

• 445. Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011 jun 14;123(23):2736–47.

• 446. Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Normand S-LT, Wiviott SD, Cohen DJ, Holmes DR, et al. Rationale and design of the dual antiplatelet therapy study, a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of 12 versus 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy in subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with either drug-eluting stent or bare metal stent placement for the treatment of coronary artery lesions. Am. Heart J. 2010 dic;160(6):1035–1041, 1041.e1.

CONTROL FACTORES DE RIESGO

• 447. Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA. Effect of Beta-Blockade on Mortality among High-Risk and Low-Risk Patients after Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(8):489-97.

• 448. D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB, Cruickshank JM. Relation of low diastolic blood pressure to coronary heart disease death in presence of myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. BMJ. 1991;303(6799):385-9.

• 449. Kelly T., Bazzano L., Fonseca V., Reynolds K, He J. Sistematic review glucose control and cardiovascular disease in Type 2 Diabetes. Ann Intern Med.2009;151:394-403

• 450. Smith SC, Jr., Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124(22):2458-73.

• 451. Diagnosis and treatment of chest pain and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Institute for clinical systems improvement (ICSI). Seventh edition. 2011. Acute coronary syndromes. A national clinical guideline. (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). 2007.

• 452. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003;290(1):86-97.

PROGRAMA NUTRICIONAL

• 453. Spahn JM, Reeves RS, Keim KS, Laquatra I, Kellogg M, Jortberg B, et al. State of the evidence regarding behavior change theories and strategies in nutrition counseling to facilitate health and food behavior change. J Am Diet Assoc. 110. United States: 2010 American Dietetic Association. Elsevier; 2010. p. 879-91.

• 454. Mead A, Atkinson G, Albin D, Alphey D, Baic S, Boyd O, et al. Dietetic guidelines on food and nutrition in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease – evidence from systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (second update, January 2006). 2006;19(6):401-19.

• 455. Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, et al. Meta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Med. 2011;124(9):841-51 e2.

• 456. Tuttle KR, Shuler LA, Packard DP, Milton JE, Daratha KB, Bibus DM, et al. Comparison of low-fat versus Mediterranean-style dietary intervention after first myocardial infarction (from The Heart Institute of Spokane Diet Intervention and Evaluation Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(11):1523-30.

• 457. Chow CK, Jolly S, Rao-Melacini P, Fox KA, Anand SS, Yusuf S. Association of diet, exercise, and smoking modification with risk of early cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2010;121(6):750-8.

PRUEBA DE ESFUERZO CARDIOPULMONAR

• 458. Balady GJ, Arena R, Sietsema K, Myers J, Coke L, Fletcher GF, et al. Clinician’s Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122(2):191-225

• 459. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;104:1694 –1740.

• 460. Bigi R, Desideri A, Rambaldi R, Cortigiani L, Sponzilli C, Fiorentini C. Angiographic and prognostic correlates of cardiac output by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with anterior myocardial infarction. Chest. 2001;120(3):825-33. MONITOREO ELECTROCARDIOGRÁFICO

• 461. Haskell w. Cardiovascular complications during exercise training of cardiac patients. Circulation 1978, 57: 920-92.

• 462. Van camp SP, Peterson RA Cardiovascular complications of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1986, 256 (9): 1160-1163

• 463. Pavy B, Iliou MC, Meurin P, Tabet JY, Corone S; Functional Evaluation and Cardiac Rehabilitation Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology. Source Safety of exercise training for cardiac patients: results of the French registry of complications during cardiac rehabilitation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2329-2.

PROGRAMA DE REHABILITACIÓN

• 464. Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, Balady GJ, Berra KA, Stewart KJ, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in collaboration with the American association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation [Internet]. 2005; 111(3):[369-76 pp.].

• 465. Wenger NK, Froelicher ES, Smith LK, Ades PA, Berra K, Blumenthal JA, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clin Pract Guidel Quick Ref Guide Clin. 1995(17):1-23.

• 466. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction– executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Can J Cardiol. 2004;20(10):977-1025.

• 467. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction–summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(7):1366- 74.

• 468. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina- -summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003;107(1):149-58.

• 469. Balady GJ, Ades PA, Comoss P, Limacher M, Pina IL, Southard D, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/ secondary prevention programs: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Group. Circulation. 2000;102(9):1069-73.

• 470. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116(10):682-92.

• 471. Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, McAlister FA. Metaanalysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(9):659- 72.

• 472. Brugemann J, Poels BJ, Oosterwijk MH, van der Schans CP, Postema K, van Veldhuisen DJ. A randomised controlled trial of cardiac rehabilitation after revascularisation. Int J Cardiol. 2007;119(1):59-64.

• 473. Lisspers J, Sundin O, Ohman A, Hofman-Bang C, Ryden L, Nygren A. Long-term effects of lifestyle behavior change in coronary artery disease: effects on recurrent coronary events after percutaneous coronary intervention. Health Psychol. 2005;24(1):41-8.

• 474. Giannuzzi P, Temporelli PL, Marchioli R, Maggioni AP, Balestroni G, Ceci V, et al. Global secondary prevention strategies to limit event recurrence after myocardial infarction: results of the GOSPEL study, a multicenter, randomized controlled trial from the Italian Cardiac Rehabilitation Network. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(20):2194-204.