Bibliografía: Renacer de la TH y la Importancia en la Sintomatología Vasomotora en la Menopausia

Consentimento informado

1. Sánchez Torres, Fernando. Temas de ética médica. Giro Editores. Bogotá, Colombia. 1995;46-52.
2. Pellegrini E.D. The Relationship of Anatomy and Integrity in Medical Ethics. Bulletin PAHO 1990;24:361.
3. Faden I Beauchamp. “A History and Theory of Informed Consent”, citado por Sánchez Torres, Fernando. Op. cit.
4. Ley 23 de 1981, Artículo 16 y Decreto Reglamentario 3380 de 1981, Artículo 12.

Progestágenos

1. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The NorthGiro Editores. Bogotá, Colombia, American Menopause Society. Menopause 2010;17:242-255.
2. Santen, RJ, Craig DA., Stacy P. Archer DF, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(Suppl ):S1-S66.

Andrógenos

1. Lasley BL, Santoro N, Randolf JF, et al. The relationship of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and estradiol to stages of the menopausal transition and ethnicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3760-3767.
2. Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Davis SR. Androgen Levels in adult Females: Changes with Age, Menopause, and Oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90: 3847-3853.
3. Arlt W. Dehydroepiandrosterone and ageing. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18: 363-380.
4. Bachmann G, Bancroft J, Braunstein G, Burger H, Dabis S, et al. Female androgen insufficiency: the Princeton consensus statement on definition, classification, and assessment. Fertil Steril 2002;77:660-665.
5. Basson R, Desindes S, Graves G, et al. Canadian Consensus Conference on Menopause, 2006 Update. J Obstet Gynecol Canadian 2006; 28(Supp 1):S51-S92.

Tibolona

1. Swanson SG, Drosman S, Helmond FA, Stathopoulos VM. Tibolone for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and genital atrophy in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Menopause 2006;13:917-925.
2. Hammar M, Christiau S, Nathorst-Böös J, Rud T, Garre K. A double-blind, randomised trial comparing the effects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with menopausal symptoms. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1998;105:904-911.
3. Nelson H, Fu R, Griffin J, Nygren P, Smith B, Humphrey L. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of medications to reduce risk for primary breast cancer. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:703-715.
4. Delmas PD, Davis SR, Hensen J, Adami S, van OS S, Nijland EA. Effects of tibolone and raloxifene on bone mineral density in osteopenic postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:1153-1160.
5. Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, Kenemans P, Stathopulos V, Verweij P, et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2008;359:697-708.
6. Archer DF, Hendrix S, Gallagher JC, Rymer J, Skouby S, Ferenczy A, et al. Endometrial effects of tibolone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:911-918.
7. Kenemans P, Bundred NJ, Foidart JM, Kubista E, von Schoultz B, Sismondi P, et al. Safety and efficacy of tibolone in breast-cancer patients with vasomotor symptoms: a double blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:135-146.
8. Nijland EA, Weijmar Schultz WC, Nathorst-Böös J, Helmon FA, van Lunsen RH, et al. Tibolone and transdermal E2/NETA for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction in naturally menopausal women: results of a randomized active-controlled trial. J Sex Med 2008;5:646-656.
9. Demirol A, Guven S, Guvendag Guven ES, Kirazil S, Gurgan T, Ayhan A. Comparison of the effects of tibolone and estrogen therapy on hemostais in surgical menopause: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril 2007;87:842-848.
10. Winkler UH, Altkemper R, Kwee B, Helmond FA, Coelingh Bennink HJ. Effects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on parameters in the clotting cascade: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Fertil Steril 2000;74:10-19.
11. Langer RD, Landgren BM, Rymer J, Helmond FA. Effects of tibolone and continuous combined
conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate on the endometrium and vaginal bleeding: results of the OPAL study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195(5):1320-1327.
12. Eilertsen AL, Karssemeijer N, Skaane P, Qvigstad E, Sandset PM. Differential impact of conventional and low-dose oral hormone therapy, tibolone, and raloxifene on mammographics breast density, assessed by an automated quantitative method. BJOG 2008;115:773-779.

Origen de los síntomas vasomotores. Teorías actuales

1. Archer DF, Sturdee DW, Baber R, et al. Menopausal hot flushes and night sweats: where are we now? Climateric 2011;14:515-528.
2. Hay DL, Poyner DR. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin and flushing. Maturitas 2009;64:104-108.
3 Rupprecht R, di Michele F, Hermann B, et al. Neuroactive steroids: molecular mechanisms of action and implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001; 37:59-67.
4. Lambert JJ, Cooper MA, Simmons RD, et al. Neurosteroids. Endogenous allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34(Suppl 1):S48-S58.
5. Genazzani AR, Pluchino N, Luisi S, Luisi M. Estrogen, cognition and female ageing. Human Reproduction Update 2007;13:175-187.
6. Stearns V, Ullmer L, Lopez JF, et al. Hot flushes. Lancet 2002;360:1851-1861.
7. Rapkin AJ. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: physiologic condition and central nervous system approaches to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:97-106.
8. Slopien R, Meczekalski B, Warenik-Szymankiewicz A. Relationship between climacteric symptoms and serum serotonin levels in postmenopausal women. Climateric 2003;6: 53-57.
9. Freedman RR. Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin Reprod Med 2005;23:117-125.
10. Frey BN, Lord C, Soares CN. Depression during menopausal transition: a review of treatments strategies and pathophysiological correlates. Menopause int 2008;14:123-128.
11. Deecher DC, Dorries K. Understanding the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) that occur in perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause life stages. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:247-257.
12. Gupta P, Harte AL, da Silva NF, et al. Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin, and receptor modifying proteins in human adipose tissue and alteration in their expression with menopause status. Menopause 2007;14:1031-1038.
13. Dormire SL. The potential role of glucose transport changes in hot flash physiology: a hypothesis. Biol Res Nurs 2009;10:241-247.

Cerebros y estrógenos

1. Okie S. How to deal with Alzheimer disease. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1069-1072.
2. D’Esposito M, Gazzaley A. May be lost of memory age related be treated? N Engl J Med 2011;365:1346-1347.
3. Cummings JL. Alzheimer’s Disease. N England J Med 2004;351:56-67.
4. Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer’s Disease. N England J Med 2010;362:329-344.
5. Brinton RD. Learn Mem 2001;8:121-133.
6. Wise PM, Bubai DB, Rau SW, Suzuki S. Are Estrogens Protective or Risk Factors in Brain Injuryand Neurodegeneration? Reevaluation after the Women’s Health Initiative. Endocrine Reviews 2005;26:308-312.
7. Turgeon JL, Carr MC, Maki PM, Mendelsonhn ME, Wise PM. Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies. Endocrine Reviews 2006;27:575-605.
8. Joel A. Simon. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Stroke: The Heart and Estrogen-progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation 2001;103:638-642.
9. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A, Kotchen T, Curb JD, Black H, Rossouw JE, Aragaki A, Safford M, Stein E, Laowattana S, Mysiw WJ; WHI Investigators. Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Strokein Postmenopausal Women: The Women’s Health Initiative: A Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003;289(20):2673-2684.
10. Shumake SA, Sterner RT, Gaddis SE. Estrogen Plus Progestin and the Incidence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal women.The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2003;289:2651-2654.
11. Stephen RR, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A, Kotchen T, Curb JD, Black H, Rossouw JE, Aragaki A, Safford M, Stein E, Laowattana S, Mysiw WJ; WHI Investigators. Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Global. Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2003;289:2663-2672.
12. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, van Dyck CH, Sano M, Doody R, Koss E, Pfeiffer E, Jin S, Gamst A, Grundman M, Thomas R, Thal LJ. Estrogen Replacement Therapy for Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2000; 283:1007-1015.

Terapia hormonal, función cognitiva y demencia

1. North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2010;17:242-255.
2. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, Archer DF, Boyd N, Braunstein GD, Burger HG, Codiltz GA, Davis SR, Gambacciani M, Gower BA, Enderson VW, JarjourWN, Karas RH, Kleerekoper M, Lobo RA, Manson JE, Marsden J, Martin KA, Martin L, Pinkerton JV, Rubinow DR, Teede H, Thiboutot DM, Utian WH. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(Suppl 1):s1-s66.
3. Sturdee DW, Pines A; International Menopause Society Writing Group, Archer DF, Baber RJ, Barlow D, Birkhäuser MH, Brincat M, Cardozo L, de Villiers TJ, Gambacciani M, Gompel AA, Henderson VW, Kluft C, Lobo RA, Mac-Lennan AH, Marsden J, Nappi RE, Panay N, Pickar JH, Robinson D, Simon J, Sitruk-Ware RL, Stevenson JC. Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 2011;14:302-320.

Terapia hormonal e insomnio-depresión

1. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:s1-s66 originally published online Jun 21, 2010; doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2509.
2. Position Statement. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010. Menopause: 2010;17:242-255.
3. D. W. Sturdee and A. Pines. Writing Group: D. F. Archer, R. J. Baber, D. Barlow, M. H. Birkhäuser, M. Brincat, L. Cardozo, T. J. de Villiers, M. Gambacciani, A. A. Gompel, V. W. Henderson, C. Kluft, R. A. Lobo, A. H. MacLennan, J. Marsden, R. E. Nappi, N. Panay, J. H. Pickar, D. Robinson, J. Simon, R. L. Sitruk-Ware and J. C. Stevenson Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health on behalf of the International Menopause Society. Climateric 2011;14:302-320.

Síntomas vasomotores y consecuencias cardiovasculares

1. Gorodeski EZ, Gorodeski GI. Epidemiology and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. In: Lobo RA, ed. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects, 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Academic Press; 2007;405-452.
2. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei VM, Ko M, LaCroix AZ, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465-1477.
3. Gast GC, Grobbee DE, Pop VJ, Keyzer JJ, Wijnands-van Gent CJ, Samsioe GN, Nilsson PM, van der Schouw YT.Menopausal complaints are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 2008;51:1492-1498.
4. Thurston RC, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA, Hess R, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and subclinical cardiovascular disease: findings from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart Study. Circulation 2008;118: 1234-1240.
5. Svartberg J, von Muhlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Vasomotor symptoms and mortality: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Menopause 2009;16:888-891.
6. Leal M, Díaz J, Serrano E, Abellán J, Carbonell LF. Hormone replacement therapy for oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:804-809.
7. Leal M, Díaz J, Serrano E, Abellán J, Carbonell LF.Hormone replacement therapy for oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:804-809.
8. Van der Schouw YT, Grobbe DE. Menopausal complaints, oestrogens, and heart disease risk: an explanation for discrepant findings on the benefits of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1358-1361.
9. Gast GC, Pop VJ, Samsioe GN, Grobbee DE, Nilsson PM, Keyzer JJ, Wijnands-van Gent CJ, van der Schouw YT. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Menopause 2011 Feb;18(2):146-151.
10. Thurston RC, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA, Hess R, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and subclinical cardiovascular disease: Findings from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart Study. Circulation. 2008 Sep 16;118(12):1234-1240. Epub 2008 Sep 2.
11. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE, Carr JJ, Langer RD, Hsia J, Kuller LH, Cochrane BB, Hunt JR, Ludlam SE, Pettinger MB, Gass M, Margolis KL, Nathan L, Ockene JK, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Stefanick ML; WHI and WHI-CACS Investigators. Estrogen Therapy and Coronary-Artery Calcification. N Engl J Med 2007;356(25):2591-2602.

Terapia hormonal y riesgo cardiovascular

1. Writing Group on behalf of the Workshop Consensus Group. Aging, menopause, cardiovascular disease and HRT. International Menopause Society Consensus Statement. Climateric 2009;12:368-377.
2. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al. (Estrogen in the prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial Research Group). Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:939-953. Nivel de evidencia 1.
3. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the Nurses’ Health Study: a prospective, observational study. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:1-8. Nivel de evidencia 2b.
4. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. (Heart and Estrogen/ Progestin Replacement Study [HERS] Research Group). Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998;280:605-613. Nivel de evidencia 1.
5. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:523-534. Nivel de evidencia 1.
6. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. (Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333. Nivel de evidencia 1.

Terapia hormonal y riesgo de enfermedad coronaria

1. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016-1037.
2. JM Sullivan. Coronay arteriography in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1995;38:211-222.
3. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei VM, Ko M, LaCroix AZ, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465-1477.
4. Clarkson TB. Estrogen effects on arteries vary with stage of reproductive life and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis progression. Menopause 2007;14:373-384.
5. Shufelt CL, Johnson BD, Berga SL, Braunstein GD, Reis SE, Bittner V, Yang Y, Pepine CJ, Sharaf BL, Sopko G, Kelsey SF, Merz CN; Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study Group. Timing of hormone therapy, type of menopause, and coronary disease in women: data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Menopause 2011;18:943-950.

Efectos en el nivel osteomuscular

1. Health Care Guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis. Institute for clinical Systems Improvement. Seventh Edition. 2011.
2. Cooper C, Reginster JY, Cortes B, Dias-Curiel M, Lorenc RS, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R. Long-term treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a review from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). Curr Med Res Opin 2012.
3. Management of osteoporosis. A national clinical guideline. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. 2003. www.sing.ac.uk
4. Sturdee DW, Pines A. Updated IMS recommendations on potmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. International Menopause Society. Climateric 2001;14:302-320.

Dolor osteoarticular y muscular

1. Christiansen C. An update review of cellular mechanisms conferring the indirect and direct effects of estrogen on articular cartilage. Climacteric 2008;11:4-16.
2. Bay-Jensen AC, Tabassi NC, Sondergaard LV, Andersen TL, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Garnero P, Kassem M, Delaisse JM. The response to estrogen deprivation on cartilage collage degradation markers; CTX-II is unique compared to other markers of collagen turnover. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R9.
3. Baron YM, Brincat MP, Galea R, Calleja N. Intervertebral disc height in treated and untreated overweight post-menopausal women. Hum Reprod 2005;20:3566-3570.
4. Gambacciani M, Pepe A, Cappagli B, Palmieri E, Genazzani AR. The relative contributions of menopause and aging to postmenopausal reduction in intervertebral disk height. Climacteric 2007;10:298-305.
5. Cirillo DJ, Wallace RB, Wu L, Yood RA. Effect of hormone therapy on risk of hip and knee joint replacement in the Women’s Health Initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3194-3204.
6. Muscat Baron Y, Brincat MP, Galea R, Calleja N. Low intervertebral disc height in postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures compared to hormonetreated and untreated postmenopausal women and premenopausal women without fractures. Climacteric 2007;10:314-319.
7. Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
8. Molina JF, Escoba JA, Batancourt JF, Giraldo A. Niveles de 25 hidroxivitamina D y sucorrelación clínica con diferentes variables metabólicas y cardiovasculares en una población de mujeres posmenopáusicas. Acta Médica Colombiana 2011;36:18-23.

Ejercicio, tabaquismo, nutrición y autocuidados

1. Schneider HJ, Frieddrich N, Klotsche J, et al. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95: 1777-1785.
2. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cáncer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1625-1638.
3. Rodríguez J, Ruiz F, Peñaloza E, Eslava J, Gómez LC, Sánchez H, Amaya JL, Arenas R, Botiva Y. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007. Resultados Nacionales Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Colciencias y el Ministerio de Protección Social. Fundación Cultural Javeriana Artes Gráficas. Bogotá, Colombia. 2009.
4. Thurston RC, Joffe H, Soares CN, Harlow BL. Physical activity and risk of vasomotor symptoms in women with and without a history of depression: results from the Harward Study of Moods and Cycles.
Menopause 2006;13:533-560.
5. Daley A. Mac Arthur C, Mutrie N, Stokes-Lampard H. Exercise for Vasomotor Menopausal Symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(4):CD 006108.
6. Orzano AJ, Scott JG. Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity in Adults: an applied evidencebased review. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004;17:359-360.
7. Schneider HJ, Friedrich N, Klotsche J, et al. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular event and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:1777-1785.

Calidad de vida en el climaterio

1. Monterrosa A, Ángel PC, Romero Pérez IP. Calidad de vida en la menopausia y etnias colombianas. Primeros resultados del estudio CAVIMEC. Rev Col Menopausia 2011; 17:270-281.
2. Utian WH Quality of life (QOL) in menopause. Maturitas 2007;57:100-102.

Síndrome metabólico

1. Ervin RB. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Adults 20 Years of Age and Over, by Sex, Age, Race and Ethnicity, and Body Mass Index United States, 2003-2006. Natl Health Stat Report 2009;(13):1-7. Nivel de evidencia IIb.
2. Meigs JB, Wilson P.W.F, Nathan DM, D’Agostino RB, Williams K. and Haffner S. M. Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 2003;52:2160-2167. Nivel de evidencia IIb.
3. Escobedo J, Schargrodsky H, Champagne B, Silva H, Boissonnet CP, Vinueza R, Torres M, Hernandez R, Wilson E. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Latin America and its association with sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis: the CARMELA cross sectional study. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2009;8:52:1-9. Nivel de evidencia IIb.
4. The US National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III): prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal Latin American women and for the Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America. The US National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III): prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal Latin American women. Climacteric 2007;10:164-70. Nivel de evidencia IIb.
5. Gómez G, Carvajal JA, Benavides JP. Síndrome metabólico en la menopausia. Rev Colomb Menopausia 2005;11. Nivel de evidencia IIb.
6. Sánchez F, Jaramillo N, Vanegas A, Echeverri JG, Alviar CL, Echavarría E, Montoya L, Torres Y. Prevalencia y comportamiento de los factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico según los diferentes intervalos de edad, en una población femenina del área de influencia de la Clínica Las Américas, en Medellín, Colombia. Rev Colomb Cardiol 2008;15:102-110. Nivel de evidencia IIb.
7. Wyatt SB, Winters KP, Dubbert PM. Overweight and obesity: prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Am J Med Sci 2006;331:166-174. Nivel de evidencia I.
8. Hoang KC, Ghandehari H, Lopez VA, Barboza MG and Wong ND. Global Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment of Individuals With the Metabolic Syndrome in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1405-1409. Nivel de evidencia.
9. Dekker JM, Girman C, Rhodes T, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Metabolic syndrome and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in the horrn study. Circulation 2005;112:666-673. Nivel de evidencia Ia.
10. Mcneill A.M. The Metabolic Syndrome and 11-Year Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2005;28:385-390. Nivel de evidencia Ia.
11. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin El, Eisenberg MJ. The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1113-1132. Nivel de evidencia Ia.
12. Ford ES. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Defined by the International Diabetes Federation Among Adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2745-2749. Nivel de evidencia Ia.
13. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin El, Eisenberg MJ. The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1113-1132. Nivel de evidencia Ia.
14. Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, Haffner SM and Stern MP. Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in National Cholesterol Education Program Versus World Health Organization the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation 2004;110:1251-1257. Nivel de evidencia Ia.
15. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, Conard, J, Meyer G, Lévesque H, Trillot N, Barrellier MT, Wahl D, Emmerich J, Scarabin PY. Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism Among Postmenopausal Women Impact of the Route of Estrogen Administration and Progestogens: The ESTHER Study. Circulation 2007;115:840-845. Nivel de evidencia llb.
16. Chu MC, Cosper P, Nakhuda GS, and Lobo RA. A comparison of oral and transdermal short-term estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome Fertil Steril 2006;86:1669-1675. Nivel de evidencia lb.
17. Wild RA. North American Menopause Society 21st Annual Meeting; Oct. 6-9, 2010; Chicago. Lowry F. Hormone Therapy Raises CHD Risk in Women With Metabolic Syndrome. North American Menopause Society 21st Annual Meeting: Abstract 3 https://www. medscape.com/viewarticle/730307 Nivel de evidencia IV.
18. Lower Doses of Estrogen in Hormone Therapy Carry Less Cardiovascular Risk. North American Menopause Society 21st Annual Meeting; Oct. 6-9, 2010; Chicago.
19. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/730361 Nivel de evidencia IV.

Diabetes

1. Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: J. Clinic. Endocrinol. Metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(Suppl 1):S1-S66. Nivel de evidencia III.
2. 2010 Position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: Menopause 2010;17:242-255. Nivel de evidencia III.
3. Cynthia K, Sites Georgia D. L’Hommedieu, Michael J, Toth Martin Brochu, Brian C. Cooper, and Penny A. Fairhurst. The Effect of Hormone replacement Therapy on Body Composition, Body Fat Distribution, and Insulin sensitivity in Menopausal Women: A Randomized,Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clinic Endocrinol Metabolism 2005;90:2701-2707. Nivel de evidencia l.
4. Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, Tinker L, Phillips LS, Allen C, Bassford T, Burke G, Torrens J, Howard BV. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetología 2004;47:1175-1187. Nivel de evidencia l.
5. Bonds DE, Lasser N, Qi L, Brzyski R, Caan B, Heiss G, Limacher MC, Liu JH, Mason E, Oberman A, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips LS, Prineas RJ, Tinker L. The effect of conjugated equine oestrogen on diabetes incidence: the Women’s Health Initiative randomised trial. Diabetología 2006;49:459-468. Nivel de evidencia l.
6. Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Grady D, Bittner V, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:1-9. Nivel de evidencia l.
7. Bonds DE, Lasser N, Qi L, Brzyski R, Caan B, Heiss G, Limacher MC, Liu JH, Mason E, Oberman A, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips LS, Prineas RJ, Tinker L. The effect of conjugated equine oestrogen on diabetes incidence:The Women’s Health Initiative randomised trial. Diabetologia 2006;49:459-468. Nivel de evidencia l.
8. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Nathan DM, Arky RA, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and subsequent incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Epidemiol 1992;2:665-673. Nivel de evidencia 2.
9. Sites CK, L’Hommedieu GD, Toth MJ, Brochu M, Cooper BC, Fairhurst PA. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on body composition, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2701- 2707. Nivel de evidencia l.
10. Munoz J, Derstine A, Gower BA. Fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women: influence of hormone replacement. Obes Res 2002;10:424-431. Nivel de evidencia ll-2.
11. Kalish GM, Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA, Gulanski BI. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention Trial. Association of endogenous sex hormones and insulin resistance among postmenopausal women: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003;88:1646-1652. Nivel de evidencia ll-2.
12. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM, Greyber E, Buckley NS, Salpeter EE. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006;8:538-554. Nivel de evidencia l. 13. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone Therapy for the Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:855-860. Nivel de evidencia I. Grado de recomendación D.

Endometriosis

1. Moen MH, Rees M, Brincat M, Erel T, Gambacciani M, Lambrinoudaki I, Schenck- Gustafsson K, Tremollieres F, Vujovic S, Rozenberg S; European Menopause and Andropause Society. EMAS position statement: Managing the menopause in women with past history of endometriosis. Maturitas 2010;67:94-97.
2. Maclennan AH. HRT in difficult circumstances: are there any absolute contraindication? Climateric 2011;14:409-417.
3. Al Kadri H, Hassan S, Al Fozan HM, Hajjer A. Hormone therapy for endometriosis and surgical Menopause. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005997. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD005997.pub2.
4. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Rafaelli R, Zanconato G. Comparison of transdermal estradiol and tibolone for the treatment of oophorectomized women with deep residual endometriosis. Maturitas 1999;32:189-193.
5. Matorras R, Elorriage MA, Pijoan JI, Ramon O, Rodriguez- Escudero FJ. Recurrence of endometriosis in women with bilateral adnexectomy (with or without total hysterectomy) who recieved hormone replacement therapy. Fertility and Sterility 2002;77(2):303-308.

Colelitiasis

1. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Effect of Estrogen plus Progestin on Risk for Biliary Tract Surgery in Postmenopausal Women with Coronary Artery Disease. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:493-501. Nivel de evidencia I.
2. Boland LL, Folsom AR, Rosamond WD. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study I: hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity as risk factors for hospitalized gallbladder disease: a prospective study. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12:131-140. Nivel de evidencia II-1.
3. Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006;20(6):981-996. Nivel de evidencia II-2.
4. Schwarz S., Völzke H., Baumeister S. E., Hampe J. and Dören M. Menopausal hormone therapy and gallbladder disease: the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Clinical Endocrinology 2007;67:51-59. Nivel de evidencia II-1.
5. Women Study Collaborators. Gallbladder disease and use of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;337:1-9. Nivel de evidencia I.
6. Kim SS, Lee JG, Kim DW, Kim BH, Jeon YK, Kim MR, Huhl JE, Mok1 JY, Kim S-J, Kim YK, and Kim IJ. Insulin Resistance as a Risk Factor for Gallbladder Stone Formation in Korean Postmenopausal Women. korean J Intern Med 2011;26:285-293. Nivel de evidencia II-1.
7. Uhler, M.L., Marks, J.W. & Judd, H.L. Estrogen replacement therapy and gallbladder disease in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2000;7:162-167. Nivel de evidencia.
8. George ED, Schluger LK. Special women’s health issues in hepatobiliary diseases. Clinics in Family Practice 2000;2:155-169.
9. Grodstein F, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ. Postmenopausal hormone use and cholecystectomy in a large prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:5-11. Nivel de evidencia II-2.
10. Cirillo DJ, Wallace RB, Rodabough RJ, et al. Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease. JAMA 2005;293:330-339. WHI. Nivel de evidencia I.
11. Hart AR, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Khaw KT. Hormone replacement therapy and symptomatic gallstones – a prospective population study in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Digestion 2008;77(1):4-9. Nivel de evidencia I.
12. Million Women Study Collaborators. Gallbladder disease and use of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;337:1-9. Nivel de evidencia I.
13. Uhler ML, Marks JW, Voigt BJ, Judd HL. Comparison of the impact of transdermal versus oral estrogens on biliary markers of gallstone formation in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:410-414. Nivel de evidencia I.
14. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone Therapy for the Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:855-860. Nivel de evidencia I. Grado de recomendación D.
15. An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: J. Clinic. Endocrinol. Metabolism. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2010; 95(Suppl 1):S1-S66 WHI. Nivel de evidencia I.