Anticoncepción Oral en Perspectiva, Bibliografía

Dr. Álvaro Monterrosa Castro, M.D

1 Edwards L. An update and oral contraceptive options. Formulary. 2004; 39: 104 121.
2 Zabaleta A. Breviario de la Anticoncepción oral. 1974. Cartagena.
3 Profamilia. Historia de los métodos anticonceptivos. Cuadernillo estudiantil. Centro documentación Profamilia. Bogotá. 1993.
4 Monterrosa A. Anticonceptivos orales combinados Tercera Edición. Editorial Impresos Calidad. Bogotá. 2003.
5 Monterrosa A. Anticoncepción hormonal. EN: Caraballo J, Parra E, Taylor H. Memorias del 1º Curso de actualización en Ginecología y Pediatría. Imprenta U. de Cartagena. Cartagena.1994; 241 250.
6 Sánchez Torres F. La anticoncepción. EN: Ciencia y reproducción humana. Empresa editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. 1991; 83 99.
7 Speroff J. Clinical Gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. Sixth Edition. 1999; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
8 Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, et al. Fertility control with oral medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958; 75: 1333 1346.
9 Petterson CM. Progestágenos, antagonistas de la progesterona, y andrógenos: síntesis, clasificación y uso. Clínicas Obstétricas y Ginecológicas. 1995; 4: 783 790.
10 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies. Fertil Steril. 2004; 82(2): 520 526.
11 Kaunitz AM. Enhancing oral contraceptive success: the potential of new formulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190 (suppl): S23 S29.
12 Jones KP. Oral contraception: current use and attitudes. Contraception. 1999; 59 (suppl): S17 – S20.
13 Bagshaw S. The combined oral contraceptives. Risk and adverse effects in perspective. Drug-Saf. 1995; 12 (2): 91 – 96.
14 American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologist. Hormonal contraception. ACOG technical bulletin Nº. 198 – October de 1994 Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1995; 48 (1): 115 – 126.
15 Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W. Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception. 1996; 54 (2): 71- 77.
16 Bachmann G, Sulak P, Sampson-Landers C, et al. Efficacy and safety of a low dose 24-day combined oral contraceptive containing 20 ug etinilestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. Contraception. 2004: 70: 191 198.
17 OMS. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 3° edition. 2004.
18 Carter CJ. Oral contraceptives and thrombosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000; 6(4): 296 – 300.
19 Word Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone Contraception. Report of a WHO scientific Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1998; 877: 1 – 89.
20 Thorogood M, Vessey MP. Trends in use of oral contraceptives in Britain. Br J Fam. 1990; 16: 41 – 53.
21 Rosenberg MJ, Burnhill MS, Waugh MS, et al. Compliance and oral contraceptives: A review. Contraception. 1995; 52: 137 – 141
22 Ojeda G, Ordoñez M, Ochoa L. Salud Sexual y Reproductiva en Colombia. Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud. ENDS-2000.
Colombia. Profamilia. Bogotá 2000.
23 Willekes C, Hoogland HJ, Keiser HA, et al. Three months use of third generation oral contraceptives does not affect artery wall properties.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999; 25(5): 723 – 728.
24 Grant ECG. Dangers of suppressing menstruation. Lancet. 2000; 356: S13.
25 Archer D. New Contraceptive options. Clinical Obstet and Gynecol. 2001; 44(1): 122 126.
26 Ferguson H, Vree ML, Wilpshaar J, et al. Multicenter study of the efficacy, cycle control and tolerability of a triphasic desogestrel containing oral contraceptive. Eur J Contracep Reprod Health Care. 2000; 5(1): 35 – 45.
27 Coata G, Ventura F, Lombardini R, et al. Effect of low dose oral Tripasic contraceptives on blood viscosity, coagulation and lipid metabolism. Contraception. 1995; 52: 151 157.
28 Rowan JP. Estrophasic dosing: A new concept in oral contraceptive therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 180 (2 pt2): 302 – 306.
29 Anderson FD, Hait H. Seasonale 301 Study Group. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2003; 68: 89 96.
30 Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2004; 70(5): 359 363.
31 Gestodene Study Group. 322. The safety and contraceptive efficacy of a 24 day low dose oral contraceptive regimen containing Gestodene 60 ug and Ehinyl estradiol 15 ug. Eur J Contracep Reprod Health Care. 1999; 4(suppl 2): 9 – 15.
32 Gestodene Study Group. 324. Cycle control, safety and efficacy of a 24 Day regimen of Gestodene 60 ug/ethinylestradiol 15 ug and a 21 day regimen of Desogestrel 150 ug/ ethinylestradiol 20 ug. Eur J Contracep Reprod Health Care. 1999; 4(suppl 2): 17 – 25.
33 Wilde MI, Balfour JA. Gestodene. A review of its pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability in combined contraceptive preparation. Drug. 1995; 50 (2): 364 – 395.
34 Lete I, Morales P. Inhibition of follicular growth by two different oral contraceptives (monophasic and triphasic) containing ethinyl Estradiol and Gestodene. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1997; 2(3): 187 191.
35 Coney P, Del Conte A. The effects on ovarian activity of a monophasic oral contraceptive with 100 micrograms Levonorgestrel and 20 micrograms ethinyl Estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 181 (5pt 2): 53 – 58.
36 Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraception and intrauterine contraceptive device. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 181(5 pt 1): 1263 – 1269.
37 Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J. Effects of 21- day and 24 – day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 ug) and Ethinyl Estradiol (15 ug) an ovarian activity. Fertil Steril. 1999; 72(1): 115 – 120.
38 Spona J, Feichtinger W, Kinderman C, et al. Double – bind Randomized, placebo controlled study in the effects of the monophasic oral contraceptive containing 30 ug EE and 2 mgs de Dienogest on the hemostatic system. Contraception. 1997; 56(2): 67 – 75.
39 Spona J, Feichtinger W, Kinderman C, et al. Modulation of ovarian function by en oral contraceptive containing 30 ug Ethinyl Estradiol in combination with 2 mg Dienogest. Contraception. 1997; 56(3): 185 – 191.
40 Speroff L, Decherney A. Evolution of a new generation of oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81: 1034 – 1047.
41 Winkler UH, Schindler AE, Endrikat J, et al. A comparative study of the effects of the hemostatic system of two monophasic gestodene oral contraceptive containing 20 ug and 30 ug Etinil-Estradiol. Contraception. 1996; 53: 75 – 84.
42 Endrikat J, Jaques MA, Mayerhofer M, et al. A Twelve-month comparative clinical investigation of two low-dose oral Contraceptives containing 20 ug Ethinyl Estradiol / 75 ug Gestodene and 20 ug Ethinyl Estradiol / 150 ug Desogestrel, with respect to efficacy, cycle control and tolerance. Contraception 1995; 52: 229 235.
43 Jensen JT, Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2000; 27(4): 705 – 721.
44 Dusterberg B, Ellman H, Muller U et al. Three year’s clinical experience with a new low-dose oral contraceptive containing 20 ug ethinylestradiol and 75 ug gestodene: Efficay, cycle control and tolerability. IN: Lopes P, killick Sr (eds). The New option in low-dose oral contraception Expanding the Gestodene choice. Carnhorth, lancs, England: Parthenon publishing, 1996: 37
45 Short M, Endrikat J. A 12- month comparative investigation of reliability, cycle control and tolerance with low-dose oral contraceptives containing 20 ug ethinyl Estradiol and either 75 ug Gestodene or 150 ug Desogestrel. IN: Lopes P, killick Sr (eds). The New option in low-dose oral contraception Expanding the Gestodene choice. Carnhorth, lancs, England: Parthenon publishing, 1996: 47 57. 46 Huner A, Kuhnz W, Heger-mahn D, et al. A single dose and 3 month
clinical pharmacokinetic study with a new combination oral contraceptive. Advances in contraception. 1995; 11: 207 225.
47 Van Heusden AM, Fauester BC. Activity of the pituitary ovarian axis in the pill- free interval during use of low dose combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 1999; 59(4): 237 – 243.
48 Boerrigter PJ, Ellman H, Dolker M. International clinical experience with a new low dose, monophasic oral contraceptive containing Levonorgestrel 100 microg and ethinyl Estradiol 20 microg. Clin Ther. 1999; 21(1): 118 – 127.
49 Reisman H, Martin D, Gast MJ, A multicenter randomized comparison of cycle control and laboratory findings with oral contraceptive agents containing 100 microg Levonorgestrel with 20 microg ethinyl Estradiol or triphasic Norethindrone with ethinyl Estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 181 (5 pt 2): 45 – 52.
50 Thorneycroft IH, Stanczyk FZ, Bradshaw Kd, et al. Effect of low-dose oral contraceptive on androgenic markers and acne. Contraception. 1999: 60 (5): 255 – 262.
51 Rosing J, Middeldorp S, Curves J, et al. Low- dose oral contraceptives and acquired resistance to activated protein C: a randomized crossover study. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9195): 2036 – 2040.
52 Lawrenson R, Farmer R. Venous thromboembolism and combined oral contraceptives: does the type of progestogen make a difference? Contraception. 2000; 62 (2 suppl): 21S – 28S.
53 Winkler UH. Hemostatic effects of third and second generation oral contraceptives: absence of a causal mechanism for a difference in risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception. 2000; 62(2): (2 suppl): 11S – 20S.
54 Coenen CMH, Thomas CMG, Borm GF, et al. Changes in androgens during treatment with four low-dose contraceptives. Contraception. 1996; 53: 171 176.
55 Sitruk-Ware R. Progestogens in hormonal replacement therapy: new molecules, risks and benefits. Menopause. 2002; 9(1): 6 15.
56 Colli Capdevila C. Anticoncepción hormonal oral combinada: nuevos Gestágenos. EN: Pellicer A, Simon C. Cuadernos Medicina Reproductiva. 2001; 7 (2): 53 64.
57 Mercilon a new low dose combined oral contraceptive. DTB. 1989; 27: 51 – 52.
58 Cilest – a combined OC. DTB. 1991; 29: 103 – 104.
59 Fotherby K, Caldwell DS. New progestogen in oral contraception. Contraception. 1994; 49: 1 – 32.
60 Farmer RDT, Lawrenson R. Utilization patterns of oral contraceptives in UK General Practice. Contraception. 1996; 53: 211 215.
61 Jamin C, Mouzon J. Selective prescribing of third generation oral contraceptives. Contraception. 1996; 54: 55 56.
62 Oelkers W, Foidart JM, Dombrovicz N, et al. Effects of a new oral contraceptive containing an antimineral progestogen, drospirenone, on the rennin aldosterone system, body weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1995; 80: 1816 1821.
63 Oelkers W. Drospirenone, a progestogen with antimineralocorticoid properties: a short review. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2004; 217: 255 261.
64 Winkler UH. Gaspard U, Leidenbergar F. The influence of low-dose oral contraceptive containing 20 ug ethinyl Estradiol and 75 ug Gestodene on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and hemostasis. IN: Lopes P, killick Sr (eds). The New option in low-dose oral contraception Expanding the Gestodene choice. Carnhorth, lancs, England: Parthenon publishing, 1996: 49 – 63.
65 Oosterbaan HP. An open – label study of the effects of a 24 day regimen of Gestodene 60 ug/ethinilestradiol 15 ug on endometrial histological findings in healthy women. Eur J Contracep Reprod Health Care. 1999; 4(suppl 2): 3 – 8.
66 Dorea JG. Oral contraceptives do not affect magnesium in breast milk. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000; 7(1): 25 – 31.
67 Dorea JG, Myaazaki E. Calcium and phosphorus of Brazilian mothers using oral contraceptives. J Am coll Nutr. 1998: 17(6): 642 – 646.
68 Zimmermann T, Dietrich H, Wisser KH, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of Valette: a post marketing surveillance study. Eur J Contracep Reprod Health Care. 1999; 4(3): 155 164.
69 Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS, Meehan T. Use and misuse of oral
contraceptives: risk indicators for poor pill taking and discontinuation. Contraception. 1995; 51: 283 – 288.
70 Serfaty D, Vree ML. A comparison of the cycle control and tolerability of two ultra low dose oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms ethinyl Estradiol and either 150 micrograms Desogestrel or 75 micrograms Gestodene. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care.
1998; 3(4): 179 189
71 Bruni V, Croxato H, De la cruz J, et al. A Comparison of cycle control and effect on well-being of monophasic Gestodene, triphasic Gestodene and monophasic Desogestrel containing oral
contraceptives. Gestodene Study Group. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2000; 14(2): 90 – 98.
72 Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS, Higgins JE. The effect of Desogestrel, Gestodene and other factors on spotting and bleeding. Contraception. 1996; 53: 85 – 90.
73 Van der Mooren MJ, Klipping C, Aken B, et al. A comparative study of the efects of Gestodene 60 ug ethilestradiol 15ug and Desogestrel 150 ug ethinilestradiol 20 ug on hemostatic balance, blood lipid levels and carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1999; 4(suppl 2): 27 – 35.
74 Darney P. Safety and efficacy of a Tripasic oral contraceptive containing Desogestrel: results of three multicenter trial. Contraception. 1993; 48: 323 327.
75 Fiedman AJ. Thomas PP. Does low-dose combination oral contraceptive use affect uterine size or menstrual flow in pre menopausal women with leiomyomas? Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85:
631 635.
76 Parsey KS, Pong A. An open label multicenter study to evaluated Yasmin, a low- dose combination oral contraceptive containing drosperinone, a new progestogen. Contraception. 2000; 61(2): 105 -111.
77 Huber J, Foidart JM, Wuttke W, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a monophasic oral contraceptives containing etinylestradiol and drospirenone. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000; 5(1): 25 – 34
78 Foidart JM, Wuttke W, Bouw GM, et al. A comparative investigation ofcontraceptive reliability, cycle control and tolerance of two monophasic oral contraceptive containing either drospirenone or desogestrel. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000; 5(2): 124 134.
79 Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Nicola S, et al. The impact of oral contraception on vulvo vaginal candidiasis. Contraception. 1995; 51: 293 297.
80 Rechberger T, Baranowski W, Postawski K, et al. Serum leptin concentrations in women taking oral contraceptives. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999; 83(1): 105 – 108.
81 Grupo científico de la O.M.S. sobre anticonceptivos orales y neoplasias. Anticonceptivos orales y neoplasias. Informe de un grupo científico de la O.M.S. Informes técnicos 1992. No. 817: 1 -47.
82 Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality. Contraception. 1999; 59 (1Suppl): 29S – 33S.
83 Balasch J, Calaf J. Riesgos de la contracepción hormonal (Con especial referencia a la enfermedad trombo – embolica) Clin Invest Gin Obstet. 1996; 23(4): 148 157.
84 Williams JK. Noncontraceptive benefits of oral contraceptive use: an evidence- based approach. Int J Fertil Women’s Med. 2000; 45(3): 241- 247.
85 Burkman R, Schlesselman J, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190: S5 S22.
86 Dueñas Díez JL. Risks and benefits of oral contraceptives. Clínica e Investigación en Ginecología y Obstetricia. 1999: 26(4): 154 – 165.
87 Monterrosa A. Dismenorrea: Vision Actual. Rev. Colombiana de Ginecología y obstetricia. 2001; 52(4): 343 354.
88 Larsson G, Milson I, Lindstedt G, et al. The influence of a low dose combined oral contraceptive on menstrual blood loss and iron status. Contraception. 1992; 46: 327 334.
89 Monterrosa A. Dolor pélvico crónico: diagnóstico diferencial. Revista Selecta Médica. 1997; 8(1): 26 29.
90 Moore J, Kennedy S, Prentice A. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1999; 3: 3.
91 Guido M, Romualdi D, Giuliani M, et al. Drospirenone for the treatment of hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A clinical, endocrinological, metabolic pilot study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 2817 2823.
92 Lanes SF, Birmann B, Walker AM, et al. Oral contraceptive type and functional ovarian cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 166: 956 961.
93 Narod SA, Risch H, Moslehi R, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 424 428.
94 Beck Jr. WW. Use oral Contraceptives in women in their 40S. Postgraduate Obstetrics Gynecology. 1995; 15 (12): 1 6.
95 Cancer and steroid hormone study. The reduction in risk of ovarian cancer associated with oral contraceptive use. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 650 – 655.
96 Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, et al. A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 80: 708 714.

97 Risch HA, Marrett LD, Jain M, et al. Differences in risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic type: Results of a case control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996; 144: 363 372.
98 Vessey MP, Metcalfe A, Wells C, et al. Ovarian neoplasm, functional ovarian cysts and oral contraceptives Br Med J. 1987; 294: 1518 -1520.
99 Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1987; 257 (6): 796 800.
100 Schlesselman JJ. Oral contraceptives and neoplasia of the uterine corpus. Contraception. 1991; 43: 557- 559.
101 Schelesselman JJ. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner´s guide to metaanalysis. Hum Reprod. 1997; 12: 1851 1863.
102 Meirik O. La píldora y el cáncer de mama: Nueva información. Boletín Médico de la IPPF. 1996; 30 (6): 1 3.
103 Senanayake P, Kramer DG. Contraception and the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease: New perspectives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 138: 852 – 857.
104 Washington AE, Gove S, Schachter J, et al. Oral contraceptive, Chlamydea Trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory diseases: A word of caution about protection. JAMA. 1985; 253: 2246 – 2251.
105 Wolner-Hanssen P, Echembach DA, Paavonen J, et al. Decreased risk of symptomatic Chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptives. JAMA. 1990; 263: 54 – 63.
106 Harlap S. Benefits and risks of birth control in U.S. Women. Int J fertile. 1992; 37 (suppl 3): 148 156.
107 Mol BWJ, Ankum WM, Bossuyt PMN, et al. Contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy. A meta-analysis. Contraception. 1995; 52: 337-341.
108 Milman N, Clausen J, Byg KE. Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18 30 years: influence of menstruation, contraceptive methods, and iron supplementation. Ann Hematol. 1998. 77 (1-2): 13 19.
109 Weng LJ, XU D, Zheng HZ, el al. Clinical experience with triphasic oral contraceptive (Triquilar) in 527 women in China. Contraception. 1991; 43: 263 271.
110 Spector TD, Hochberg MC. The protective effect of the oral contraceptive pill on rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of the analytic epidemiological studies using meta-analysis. Rheumatoid arthritis. J. Chronic Dis. 1986; 10: 841 – 849.
111 Polatti F, Perotti F, Filippa N, et al. Bone mass and long-term monophasic oral contraceptive treatment in young women. Contraception. 1995; 51: 221 224.
112 MacDougall J, Davies MC, Overton CE, et al. Bone density in a population of long term oral contraceptive pill users does not differ from that in menstruating women. Br J Fam Plann. 1999; 25(3): 96 – 100.
113 Cromer BA. Effects of hormonal contraceptives on bone mineral density. Drug Sa. 1999; 20(3): 213 – 222.
114 Kuohung W, Borgatta L, Stubblefield P. Low dose oral contraceptive and bone mineral density: an evidence based analysis. Contraception. 2000; 61: 77 82.
115 Borenstein J, Yu H, Wade S, et al. Effects of an oral contraceptive containing ethinyil Estradiol and drospirenone on premenstrual symptomatology and health related quality of life. J Reprod Med. 2003; 48(2): 79 85.
116 Sangthawan M, Taneepanichskul S. A comparative study of monophasic oral contraceptives containing either drospirenone 3 mgs or Levonorgestrel 150 ug on premenstrual symptoms. Contraception. 2005; 71 (1): 1 7.
117 Friedman AJ, Thomas PP. Does low – dose combination oral contraceptive use affect uterine size or menstrual flow in pre menopausal women with leiomyomas? Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85: 631 – 835.
118 Ross RK, Pike MC, Vessey MP, et al. Risk factors for uterine fibroids reduced risk associated with oral contraceptives. Br Med J. 1986; 293: 359 362.
119 Chiaffarino F, Parazzini F, La Vechia C, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and uterine fibroids: Results from a case control study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981; 139: 277 280.
120 Del Marmol V, Teichmann A, Gertsen K. The role of combined oral contraceptives in the management of acne and seborrhea. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2004; 9(2): 107- 124.
121 Rabe T, Kowald A, Ortmann J. Inhibition of skin 5 alpha reductase by oral contraceptive progestins in vitro. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2000; 14(4): 223 – 230.
122 Comporato MR, Yabur JA, Bajares M. Contraceptivee efficacy and acceptability of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing 30 micrograms ethinyl Estradiol and 150 microg Desogestrel in Latin American women. Adv. Contraception. 1998; 14(1): 15 – 26.
123 Koulianos Gt. Treatment of acne with oral contraceptives. Criteria for pill selection. Cutis. 2000; 66(4): 281 – 286.
124 Escobar-Morreale HF, Lasuncion MA, Sancho J. Treatment of hirsutism with ethinyl Estradiol Desogestrel contraceptive pills has beneficial effects on the lipid profile and improves insulin sensitivity. Fertil Steril. 2000, 74(4): 816 – 819.
125 Fernandez E, La Vecchia C. Franceschi S, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemiology. 1988. 9: 295 300.
126 Martinez ME, Grodstein F, Giovannucci E, et al. A prospective Study of reproductive factor, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997. 6: 1 5.
127 Lobo R, Skinner JB, Lippman JS. Plasma lipids and Desogestrel and Ethinyl – Estradiol a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996; 65: 1100 -1109.
128 Burkman RT, Kafrissen ME, Olson W. Lipid and carbohydrate effects of a new Triphasic oral contraceptive containing Norgestimate. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992; 71: 156 (suppl): 5S 8S.
129 Chapdelaine A, Desmarais JL, Derman RJ. Clinical evidence of the minimal androgenic activity of Norgestimate. Int J Fertil. 1989; 34: 347 – 352.
130 Patsch W, Brown SA, Gotto AM Jr, et al. The effect of triphasic oral contraceptives on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 1396 – 1401.
131 Brill K, Then A, et al. Investigation of the influence of two low dose monophasic oral contraceptives containing 20 ug Ethinyl Estradiol / 75 ug Gestodene, and 30 ug ethinyl Estradiol / 75 ug Gestodene, on lipid metabolism in an open randomized trial. Contraception. 1996;
54: 291 – 297.
132 Gaspard U, Endrikat J, Desager JP, et al. A Randomized study on the influence of oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol combined with drospirenone or desogestrel on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism over a period of 13 cycles. Contraception. 2004; 69: 271 278.
133 Petersen KR, Skouby SO, Vedel P, et al. Hormonal contraception in women with IDDM. Influence in glycometabolic control and lipoprotein metabolism. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18 (6): 800 – 806.
134 Kjos SL, Peters RK, Xiang A, et al. Contraception and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latina women with prior gestacional diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1998; 280(6): 533 – 538.
135 Balogh A, Kauf E, Vollanth R, et al. Effects of two oral contraceptives on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth hormone. Contraception. 2000; 62(5): 259 269.
136 Weinges KF, Wenzel E, Hellstern P, et al. The effects of two phasic oral contraceptives on hemostasis and platelet function. Adv. In contraception. 1995; 11: 227-237.
137 Lewis MA, MacRae KD, Kuhl-Habichi D. Et al. The differential risks of oral contraceptives the impact of full exposure history. Hum Reprod. 1999; 14(6): 1493 – 1499.
138 Winkler UH. Effects of progestins on cardiovascular diseases: the haemostatic system. Hum Reprod update. 1999; 5(3): 200 – 204.
139 Fruzzetti F. Hemostatic effects of smoking and oral contraceptive use. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 180 (6 pt2): 369S – 374S.
140 Word Health Organization Collaborative Study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Venous Thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: resultsof international multicenter case control study. Lancet. 1995; 346:1575-1581.
141 Word Health Organization Collaborative Study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Effects of different progestogens on low estrogen oral contraceptives on venous Thromboembolic disease. Lancet. 1995; 346:1582 1588.
142 Jick H, Kaye JA. Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptive compared with users of oral contraceptives with Levonorgestrel before and after 1195: cohort and case-control analysis. BMJ. 2000; 321(7270): 1190 – 1195.
143 Suissa S, Spitzer WO, Rainville B, et al. Recurrent use of newer oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15(4):817-821.
144 Middeldorp S, Meijers JC, Bouma BN, et al. Effects on coagulation of Levonorgestrel and Desogestrel containing low dose oral contraceptives: a cross-over study. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84(1): 4- 8.
145 Tans G, Curvers J, Middeldorp S, et al. A Randomized cross over study on the effects of Levonorgestrel and Desogestrel containing oral contraceptives on the anticoagulation pathways. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84(1): 15- 21.
146 Carter CJ. Oral contraceptives and thrombosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000: 6(4): 296 300.
147 Spannalgl M, Heinemann LA, Schramm W. Are factor V Leiden carriers who use oral contraceptives at extreme risk for venous thromboembolism? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000; 5(2): 105 – 112.
148 Zeitourt K. Carr BR. Is there an increased risk of stroke associated with oral contraceptives? Drug Safe. 1999; 20(6): 467 – 473.
149 Rosing J, Middeldorp S, Curvers J, Et al. Low dose oral contraceptives and acquired resistance to activated protein C: a randomized cross-over study. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9195): 2036 – 2040.
150 Tyrer L. Introduction of the pill and its impact. Contraception. 1999; 59(1 Suppl): 11S – 16S.
151 Wiegratz I, Lee JH, Kutschera E, et al. Effect of four oral contraceptives on hemostatic parameters. Contraception. 2004; 70: 97 106.
152 Bagwell MA, thompson SJ, Addy Cl, et al. Primary infertility and oral contraceptives steroid use. Fertil Steril. 1995; 63 (6): 1161 – 1166.
153 Vessey MP. Benefits and risk of combined oral contraceptives. Methods. Inf Med. 1993; 32: 222 – 224.
154 Oelkers W. Drospirenone, a new progestogen with antimineralocorticoid activity, resembling natural progesterone. Eur J
Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000: 5(suppl3): 17 24.
155 Godsland IF, Crook D, Devenport M, et al. Relationships between blood pressure oral contraceptive use and metabolic risk markers for cardiovascular disease. Contraception. 1995; 52: 143 149.
156 Fuchs N, Duterberg B, Weber-Diehi F. The effect on blood pressure ofa monophasic oral contraceptive containing Etinil-Estradiol andGestodene. Contraception. 1995; 51: 335 -339.
157 Arangino S, Cagnacci A, Angiolucci M. Effect of Desogestrelcontaining oral contraceptives on vascular reactivity and catecholamine levels. Contraception. 1998; 58(5): 289 – 293.
158 Oelkers W, Foidart JM, Dombrovicz N, et al. Effects of a new oral contraceptive containing and antimineralocorticoid progestagens, drospirenone, on the renin – aldosterone system, body weight, bloodpressure, glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80: 1816 – 1821.
159 Bracken MP. Oral contraceptive and congenital malformations in offspring. A review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76: 552 – 562.
160 Bukvic N, Susca F, Bukvic D, et al. 17 alpha ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestrel in combination induce micronucleus increases and aneuploidy in human lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 2000; 20(3): 147 – 159.
161 Gardyn J, Mittelman M, Zllotnik J, et al. Oral contraceptives can cause falsely low vitamin B(12) levels. Acta Haematol. 2000; 104(1): 22 – 24.
162 Yoong WC, Tuck SM, Yardumian A, et al. Red cell deformability in oral contraceptive pill users with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1999; 104(4): 868 – 870.
163 Apter D, Borsos A, Baumgartner W, et al. Effects of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone and etinylestradiol on general well-being and fluid related symptoms. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2003; 8(1): 37 51.
164 Westhoff CL Breast cancer risk: perception versus reality.Contraception. 1999; 59 (1 Suppl): 25S – 28S.
165 Hannaford PC, Combined oral contraceptives: do we know all of their effects. Contraception. 1995; 51: 325-327.
166 Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in breast cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives. Lancet. 1996; 347: 1713 1727.
167 Brinton LA, Daling JR, Liff JM, et al. Contraceptives and breast cancer risk among younger women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87: 827 835.
168 Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in breast cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives further results. Contraception. 1996; 54: 1S – 10S.
169 Marchbanks PA, Mc-Donald JA, Wilson Hg, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Eng J Med. 2002; 346: 2025 2032.
170 Moodley J. Combined oral contraceptives and cervical cancer. Curr opinion Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 16: 27 29.
171 Viscaino AP, Moreno P, Bosch FX, et al. International trends in incidence of cervical cancer. II. Squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2000; 86: 429 435.
172 Ferenczy A, Eduardo F. Persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia. Lancet Oncol. 2002; 3: 11 16.
173 Meirik O. Combined oral contraceptives, human papillomavirus, and cervical cancer. IPPF Med Bull. 2002. 36: 2 -3.
174 Moodley M, Moodley J, Chetty R, et al. The role of steroid contraceptive hormones in the patogenesis of invasive cervical cancer: a review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003; 13: 103 110.
175 Briton LA, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of invasive cervical cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1990; 19: 4 – 11.
176 Delgado M, Sillero M, Martin JM, et al. Contraceptives and cancer of the cervix uteri. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992; 71: 368 – 376.
177 Brinton LA. Oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia. Contraception. 1991; 43: 581 – 595.
178 Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives. A systematic review. Lancet. 2003; 361: 1159 1167.
179 Moreno V, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, et al. Multicentre Cervical Cancer Study Group. Effects on oral contraceptives in women with human papillomavirus. Lancet. 2002. 359: 1085 1092.
180 Holly EA, Cress RD, Ahn Dk. Cutaneous melanoma in women III. Reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiology. 1995; 141 (10): 943 – 950.
181 Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP. Female hormones and thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22: 201 210.
182 Chassan-Taber L, Stampfer MJ. Epidemiology of oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128(6): 467 477.
183 Godsland IF, Winkler U, Lidegaard O, et al. Occlusive vascular diseases in oral contraceptive user. Epidemiology, pathology and mechanisms. Drugs. 2000; 60(4): 721 – 869.
184 Gold MA. Prescribing and managing oral contraceptive pills an emergency Contraception for adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999; 46(4): 695 – 718.
185 Heineemann LA. Emerging evidence on oral contraceptives and arterial disease. Contraception. 2000; 62(2 Suppl): 29S – 36S.
186 Koster T, Small RA, Rosendaal Fr, et al. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a quantitative discussion of the uncertainties. J Intern Med. 1995; 238: 31 37.
187 Darney PD. Combination oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease Seminars in Reprod Endocrinol. 1996; 14(1): 51 61.
188 Jick H, Jick SS, Gurewich V, et al. Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and non fatal venous Thromboembolic in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components. Lancet. 1995; 346: 1589 1592.
189 Spitzer WO. Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular outcomes: cause or bias? Contraception. 2000; 622(2Suppl): 3S – 9S.
190 Word Health Organization Collaborative Study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Hemorrhage stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives. Results of an international multicenter case control study. Lancet. 1996; 348: 505 510.
191 Debate. What are the risks of third generation oral contraceptives? Human Reprod. 1996; 11 (4): 687 693.
192 Sidney S, Petitti DB, Soff GA, et al. Venous thromboembolic disease in users of low estrogen combined estrogen – progestin oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2004; 70: 3 10.
193 Lidegaard O. Decline in cerebral Thromboembolic among young women after introduction of low dose oral contraceptives: an incidence study for the period 1980-1993. Contraception. 1995; 52: 85 92.
194 Poulter NR, Chang Cl, Farley TM. Et al. Effect on stroke of different progestagens in low oestrogen dose oral contraceptives. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Dissease and Steroid Hormone Contraception [Letter]. Lancett. 1999; 354(9175): 301 – 302.
195 Jick SS, Myers MW, Jick H. Risk idiopathic cerebral hemorrhage in women on oral contraceptives with differing progestagens components [Letters]. Lancet. 1999; 354(9175): 302 – 303.
196 Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC, et al. Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000; 284: 72 78.
197 Petitti DB, Sidney S, Bernstein A, et al. Stroke in users of low dose oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 8 15.
198 Rosemberg L, Palmer JR, Sands MI, et al. Modern oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 177(3): 707 – 715.

199 Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Spitzer WO. The use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence myocardial infarction in young women Results from the Transnational Study on oral Contraceptives and the Health of young Women. Contraception. 1997; 1997: 56(3): 129 – 140.
200 Dunn N, Thorogood M, Faragher B, et al. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA. Case control study. BMJ. 1999; 318: 1579 1584.
201 Tannis BC, Van den Bosch MAAJ, Kemmeren JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 1787 1793.
202 Mishell DR Jr. New developments and practice guidelines: oral contraceptives and intrauterine device. Contraception. 1998; 58 (3suppl): 7S – 8 S.
203 Csemiczky G, Alvendal C, Landgren B. Risk for ovulation in women taking a low- dose oral contraceptive (microgynon) when receiving antibacterial treatment with a fluoroquinolone (Ofloxacin). Adv. In Contraception. 1996; 12: 101- 109.
204 Kuhnz W, Louton T, Humpel M, et al. Influence of high doses of vitamin C on the bioavailability and the serum protein binding of Levonorgestrel in women using a combination oral contraceptive. Contraception. 1995; 51: 111 116.
205 Monterrosa A. Una educación para la sexualidad. Rev. Planificación, Población y Desarrollo. (Profamilia). 1994; 11(23): 85 – 86.
206 Monterrosa A. Adolescencia: anticoncepción y embarazo. Tribuna Médica. 1996; 94(4): 22 32.
207 Davis A, Wysochi S. Clinician patient interaction: communicating the benefits and risk of oral contraceptives. Contraception. 1999; 59 (Suppl): 39S – 42S.
208 Monterrosa A. Embarazo en adolescentes. El drama de las niñas madres. Rev. Selecta Médica. 1994; 5(2): 7.
209 Lloyd T, Taylor DS, Lin HM, et al. Oral contraceptive use by teenage women does not affect peak bone mass: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril. 2000; 74(4): 734 – 738.
210 Trossarelli GF, Gennarelli G, Benedetto C, et al. Climacteric symptoms and control of the cycle in women aged 35 years or older taking an oral contraceptive with 0.150 mg Desogestrel and 0.020 mg Etinil- Estradiol. Contraception. 1995; 51: 13 – 18.
211 McHenry C. Declaración del IMAP sobre anticoncepción para mujeres mayores de 35 años. Boletín médico del IPPF. 1995; 29 (3): 1-2.
212 Castracane VD, Gimpel T, Goldzieher JW. When is it safe to switch from oral contraceptive to hormonal replacement therapy? Contraception. 1995; 52: 371 376.
213 Ruger JA, Moser SE, Frisch L. Smoker over age 35 continue to receive oral contraceptives. Survey of patients in a family practice residency practice. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2000; 18(2): 113-114.
214 Gallo M, Nanda K, Grimes D, et al. Twenty micrograms vs > 20 ug estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception. 2005; 71: 162 169.
215 Winkler UH. Effects on hemostatic variables of Desogestrel and Gestodene containing oral contraceptives in comparison with Levonorgestrel containing oral contraceptives: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179 (3 pt 2): 51S – 61S.
216 Lewis MA. The Epidemiology of oral contraceptives use: a critical review of the studies on oral contraceptives and the health of young women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 174(4): 1086 – 1097.
217 Collaborative Study Group on the Desogestrel containing progestogen only pill. A double blind study comparing the contraceptive efficacy, acceptability and safety of two progestogen only pills containing desogestrel 75 ug/day or Levonorgestrel 30 ug/day. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1998; 3(4): 169 178.
218 McCann MF, Potter LS. Progestin only contraception: a comprehensive review. Contraception. 1994; 50 (suppl 1): S61 S62.
219 Winkler UH, Howie H, Buhler K, et al. A Randomized controlled double blind study of the effects on hemostasis of two progestogen only pills containing 75 ug desogestrel or 30 ug levonorgestrel. Contraception. 1998. 57: 385 392.
220 Newton J. Classification and comparison of oral contraceptives containing new generation progestogens. Human Reprod Update.
1995; 1: 231 263.
221 Hussain SF. Progestogen only pills and high blood pressure: is there an association? A literature review. Contraception. 2004; 69: 89 97.
222 Broome M, Fotherby K. Clinical experiences with the progestogen only pill. Contraception. 1990; 42: 489 495.
223 Korver T, Klipping CH, Hegar-Mahn D, et al. Maintenance of ovulation inhibition with the 75 ug desogestrel only contraceptive pill after scheduled 12 h delays in tablet intake. Contraception. 2005; 71(1): 8 13.
224 Rice CF, Killick SR, Dieben T, Ovulation inhibition by two progestogens: desogestrel and Levonorgestrel. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998; 105 (suppl 17): 41.
225 Rosenbaum P, Schmidt W, Helmerhorst FM, et al. Inhibition of ovulation by a novel progestogen drospirenone alone or in combination with ethinylestradiol. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000; 5(1): 16 24.
226 Position paper of the society for adolescent medicine. Provision of Emergency Contraception to Adolescents. J Adolescent Health.
2004; 35: 66 70.
227 McHenry C. Declaración del IMAP sobre anticoncepción de emergencia. Boletín Médico de IPPF. 1994; 29(6): 1 – 2.
228 Trussell J, Ellertson CH, Stewart F, et al. The role of emergency contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190: S30 S38.
229 Trussell J, Ellertson C, Stewart F. The effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Fam Plann Perspect. 1996; 28(2): 58 – 64.
230 Consortium for emergency contraception. Emergency contraceptive pills: Medical and Service Delivery Guidelines. August. 1996
231 Schiavon R, Jimenez-villanueva CH, Ellertson C. Et al. Emergency Contraception: a simple. Safe, effective and economical method for preventing undesired pregnancy. Rev Invest Clin. 2000; 52(2): 168 -176.
232 Monterrosa A. Anticoncepción de emergencia: la opinión y el conocimiento que tienen médicos ginecólogos que ejercen en Colombia. Rev. Controversias en Ginecología y Obstetricia. 2002; 11(55): 953 962.
233 Kives S, Hahn P, White E, et al. Bioavailability of the Yuzpe and Levonorgestrel regimens of emergency contraception: vaginal vs. oral administration. Contraception. 2005; 71: 197 – 201.
234 Croxatto HB, Fuentalba B, Brache V, et al. Effects of the Yuzpe regimen, given during the folicular phase, on ovarian function. Contraception. 2002; 65: 121 128.
235 Lynn C. Los Anticonceptivos Orales: una opción de emergencia. Network en Español 1996; 16(4): 14 17.
236 Ho PC, Kwan M.S.W. A prospective randomized comparison of Levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Human Reprod 1993; 8: 389 392.
237 Arowojolu AO, Okewole IA, Adekunle AO. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of two regimens of Levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigerian. Contraception. 2002; 66: 269 273.
238 Durand M, Del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG, et al. On the mechanism of action of short term Levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception. 2001; 64: 227 234.
239 Senanayake P. Emergency contraception: The international Planned Parenthood Federation’s experience. Int Fam Plann Perspect. 1996; 22(2): 69 70.
240 Grou F, Rodrigues I, the morning-after pill – How long after? Am. J Obstet Gynecol. 1994; 171(6): 1529 1534.
241 Consensus statement on emergency contraception. Contraception. 1995; 52: 211 213.
242 Von Hertzen H, Van Look P.F.A. Research on new methods of emergency contraception. International Family Planning Perspectives. 1996; 28 (2): 62 68.
243 Ho PC. Emergency Contraception: methods and efficacy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 12(3): 175 -179.
244 Trusell J, Rodriguez G, Ellertson CH. New estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception. 1998; 57(6): 363 369.
245 Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulations. Randomized controlled trial of Levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe Regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet. 1998; 352: 428 433.
246 Piaggio G, Von Hertzen H, Grimes DA, et al. Timing of emergency contraception with Levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen. Lancet. -1999; 353: 721 723.
247 Croxatto HB, Devoto L, Durand M, et al. Mechanism of action of- -hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception. A review of the literature. Contraception. 2001; 63: 111 121.
248 Trussell J, Raymond EG. Statistical evidence concerning the mechanism of action of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 93: 872 876.
249 Harper C, Rocca C, Darney P. Tolerability of Levonorgestrel emergency contraception in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 191: 1158 1163.
250 Rosemberg MJ, Waugh Me, Long SL. Unintended pregnancies due to oral contraceptive discontinuation. The neglected consequence of poor OC use. J Reprod Med. 1995; 40: 355 – 360.
251 Schindler A, Campagnoli C, Druckman R, et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestin. Maturitas. 2003; S7-S16.
252 Sillem M, Schneidereit R, Heithecker R, et al. Use of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone in an extended regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2003; 8(3): 162 169.
253 Monterrosa A. Los nuevos anticonceptivos orales de ultra baja dosis.Rev. Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología. 2001; 52(1): 155 160.

Este libro se terminó de imprimir en Mayo de 2005.
En los Talleres de
Calle Real Pie de la Popa No. 21 – 34
Teléfonos: 6660187 – 660501
E-mail: edipopa@enred.com
www.edipopa.8m.com
Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Anterior Siguiente

CLIC AQUÍ Y DÉJANOS TU COMENTARIO

Deja un comentario

Tu dirección de correo electrónico no será publicada. Los campos obligatorios están marcados con *